Hawaiian Birds

Koa'e Kea soar gracefully high above the sulphurous vents of Kilauea's Hale ma'u ma'u crater.

 

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As a child, I was lucky enough to spend a few days in the tiny mountain ranger cabins on Kilauea. As the sun lit the rainforest, a sleepy blanket of mist rose ever so slowly above the grassy field and adjoining Ohia and fern forest. In the forest, the rangers were tagging native birds and had caught a bright scarlet Apapane in their mist net. They provided myself and the rest of the school children a quick and fleeting glimpse of that small, frail Apapane and then banded it and set it free to once more grace the O'hia forest. They also told me of the plight of the native birds and how non-native predation by the mongoose, rat and wild boar and the spread of avian malaria continued to take a toll on native Hawaiian bird diversity. The memory of that visit has stayed with me for over twenty five years and the rareity and fragility of that special environment, compells me to share some of that world with you now. Following are a few photos of Hawaii's birds, both native and introduced, along with the stories that come with them. Below those photos are a table of mostly rare native birds that are discussed below as well.

This Chukar was walking across the side road leading to a view area on Haleakala along with about six or eight little chicks (one shown). We rolled down the window on the rental car and snapped a dozen or so pictures with the Nikon D200 and 200mm Zoom before leaving them to forage alongside the road. The rest of the chicks were hiding under the rock. The car in back of us didn't even notice them. They were probably wondering why we were stopped on the side of the road and keeping them from rushing to the scenic spot (grin) but I think we got the best view of all.




Hawkbill Turtle

The Hawaiian Nene Goose bears a strong resemblance to Canadian Geese and is likely a descendant of Canadian Geese blown far off course in pre-human times. The Nene live on the barren lava strewn slopes of Kilauea, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala and has largely lost the webbing between their toes. Their diet consists largely of berries (the Kukae Nene berry, the 'Ohelo berry and the Pukiawe berry). They survived in early Hawaii on the slopes between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, largely because the plateau between the two volcanos was considered kapu (off limits). This particular Nene was part of a duo hanging out begging for handouts at one of the lookouts on Haleakala and was woefully pecking at some truly greasy looking sandwich remnants (which we tossed into the garbage). In general, however, they live in grassy/shrubby areas along the slopes of the volcano where they can browse in peace.


Monk Seal




There are Cattle Egrets along the beaches, especially along large grassy lawns that don't have too many people. My favorite cattle egret viewing spot is near Chinaman's Hat (hmmm, what was that Hawaiian name for Chinaman's Hat anyhow?) on Oahu. They're typically strolling along the grass right next to the parking lot. You'll see them catching grasshoppers in the ground cover next to the hotels on Maui as well and they're not especially shy so you can get a decent photo if you have a zoom lens.


Grouper




The Brazilian Cardinals tend to hang out at sea level in warm areas. This one was near Queen Kapionlani park on Oahu. You can see them looking for scraps in the lawn. There used to be American Cardinals (the pure red ones) in the mountains when I was a kid but I haven't seen one in a long time. They seemed to get scarce when the Bulbuls moved it. Don't know if there is any connection.


Grouper




The Golden Plover or Kolea (Pluvialis fulva) is a frequent seasonal visitor to the Islands. I remember them in the field in back of my elementary school when I was a kid. They were pretty shy back then but they seem tamer these days, perhaps because I'm not a crazy hormone filled little kid anymore. This guy came walking right up to me and I just froze and snapped perhaps a dozen pictures. Some of them have a lot more yellow than this one, truly earning the name "golden" plover.


Ulua




The Koloa or Anas wyvilliana has been known to interbreed with the Mallard and it is not known if pure strains still exist. Could this be a Koloa or just a stray Mallard? Or perhaps it is a hybrid. It looks pretty Koloa-like but gosh if that beak isn't the wrong color...


Ulua




Mynah Birds were originally brought to Hawaii as pets way back. My Dad told me they used to cut their tongues so they could talk (which seems really mean to me but hey, who am I to judge?). I vaguely remember a few talking mynahs in cages when I was a kid. They have long since escaped captivity and are very common in lowland areas by the sea where large flocks of them can create a huge ruckous (think crows).


Mynah




The Black-Necked Stilt is endemic to Hawaii and feeds and nests in shallow salt water flats near the sea. I saw my first black-necked stilt at a yound child near Waiamea bay in a dried up river outlet (Summer). I did not see another until last Summer. There is a little preserve where Hawks bill turtles and Black-Necked Stilts both come to nest near Maalea on Maui. Ironically, I had no idea it was there as most preserves are not advertised. However, I could see the stilts flying into the low lying foliage from the highway and was determined to snap a few pictures. The picture to the left was one of them.

LauWiliWiliBlack




We used to see Frigate Birds fairly often along the Oahu coast when I was a kid, especially out on the West side of the island. There was always something eerie about those huge black sillouetes circling overhead, kind of like buzzards of the sea. Dad told me that the old Hawaiians believed that seeing a frigate bird meant someone had died. You almost never see them on Oahu anymore. However, there was a large nesting colony of them on Molokini atoll circling lazily through the skies when I visited last Summer. Occasionally, one would swoop low over the boat looking for handouts. As far as I know, nobody died. Good thing that.

LauWiliWiliBlack




The Red-Vented Bulbul used to be uncommon when I was a kid. I always considered it quite a treat when I saw them since they reminded me of American Cardinals but in black. Apparently, they have become quite a pest since then, being known for eating orchid buds and fruit, and are now quite common.



Mr. Philip Thomas was kind enough to introduce me to the excellent photography of Dr. Kim Bridges (used by permission). I've cropped them down to a size that downloads quickly for those of you with slow Internet links. However, if you would like to see the real McCoy, click HERE. There are a few repeats from above but the photos are great!

 


This is a Red Cardinal or, when I was a kid, we called them American Cardinals. In latin, Cardinalis cardinalis. They were pretty common back in the 60s and 70s and even showed up in the hills of Oahu. They are a lot less frequent now, possibly being squeezed out the more aggressive birds. It was always a treat to see one.




Red Cardinal

The Brazilian Cardinal or Red Crested Cardinal, Paroaria coronata, was introduced in the 1930s and is frequently seen in warm, low lying grassy areas such as Kapiolani park where they can be seen pecking at bugs, seeds and a stray french fry or two. The have done much better than the previously mentioned American Cardinal .





This is a Common Waxbill or Estrilda astrild, commonly found eating grass seeds in lawns with that seed piercing, finch-like beak.


Common Waxbill




The Common House Finch or Papaya Bird, Cardodacus mexicanus. They can be seen in grassy flats near the San Diego-Mexican border and were introduced to Hawaii in the 1800s, probably as escaped pets.


House Finch




The House Sparrow, Passer domesticus, is arguably one of the most successful introductions to the Hawaiian islands. They can be see hopping around your feet at your favorite Hawaiian eatery searching for handouts. They tend to favor the warmer lowland areas.


House Sparrow




The Java Finch or Java Sparrow, Padda oryzivora, is another escaped domestic pet. They can be seen in small flocks browsing on grass seed in local lawns. They will also happily eat out of bird feeders with smaller seeds such as millet.


Java Finch




This is a male Kolea, the Golden Plover, or Pluvialis fulva, in full plumage. They Winter in the warm Hawaiian weather and then migrate up to cooler Alaskan marshes for the Summer. They tend to guard grassy areas (possibly a courtship thing?) and are fairly approachable. When I was a kid, they had many of these on the playground. These days, I see them in Kapiolani park and along the Waikiki Boardwalk although they are found all around the island.


Kolea




The Majiro or White Eye, Zosterops japonicus, is generally found in small flocks zipping from fruit to fruit where it tends to peck small holes in tasty fruits like Lichi and Papaya. It is similar in color to some of the Hawaiian honey creepers but if far more likely to be flying through your fruit tree than your flower bed.

Majiro




Mynah's, Acridotheres tristis, are fairly aggressive and noisy birds. They can be found scavenging in the zoo and in Kapiolani park. At times, large groups of males will congregate in a tree, particularly at dusk, and create an ear thrumming chorus. Hilo Billy's had a flock there most nights and it was quite the sight. In the 60's they used to cut their tongues to enable them to learn to talk. You do have to wonder how someone came up with a distasteful idea like that.

Mynah




The Red-Whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a seldom seen, less agressive cousin to the Red-Vented Bulbul.

Red Whiskered Bulbul




The Red Vented BulBul, Pycnonotus cafer, is often seen in lawns looking for handouts or in shrubs near human habitation. They can be identified by their bright red tail feathers. My Mom had a pair living in our Mock Orange Hedge. They are known to be injurious to fruit and flower crops as well.

Red Vented Bulbul




The Ring Neck Dove or Spotted Dove, Streptopelia chinensis, is less common than its Zebra Dove cousin and is seldom seen begging for food at fast food restaurants. We used to have a few that would sneak in for dog food out of the dog dish when we weren't watching. They also made a farely soothing cooing sound early in the morning and are generally about twice the size of the zebra dove.

Ring Neck Dove




The Rock Dove or basic pigeion, Columba livia, has successfully established itself all over the world, including two roosting annoying close to my bedroom window. They make a loud, distinctive cooing sound and are pretty good beggers. They also tend to keep to Nesting pairs. When I was a kid, we used to bring bags of rice to feed the pigeons at the zoo where they would follow you (and the food, of course) around the zoo. The Zoo banned pigeon feeding as the pigeon population soared toward general pigeon overpopulation.

pigeon




The White Necked Shama or Shama Thrush, Copsychus malabaricus, is a moderately shy bird. You will recognize it by it's sweet song..

WhiteRumpedShamma




Manu O Ku or Fairy Tern, Gygis alba rothschild, is a relatively uncommon bird. You are lucky to site one of these elusive fish feeders. It generally subsists on small fish such as juvenile goat fish and small mullet. It is found as far away as Midway.

Fairy Term




The Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata, is generally unafraid of humands and is often an adept begger for scraps of bread at fast food restaurants.


 


I popped in to visit Mom for Christmas and, as always, the camera follows me everywhere. I snapped pictures of a few birds while driving around Oahu. I hope you enjoy them.




Black-Necked Stilt or Ae'O. Himantropus mexicanus knudseni. I had the opportunity to see the North American strain of these in San Diego and they are admittedly quite similar although the Hawaiian variety has somewhat more black on their heads. These two are from Oahu (Kaneohe) while the one pictured above was from Maui. Do they look different? Hahah! I think they just might.

Black-nected stilt




I dare say this Christmas was rainy. Consequently, I was hanging out by the water as was this 'Alae 'Ula or Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis). As you can tell from the name, these are an endemic variety. Some Hawaiians say these little guys brought fire from the gods and, to look at their bright beaks, you could see how they might say so.

Alae Ula




'Alae 'Ula - Juvenile. I found this juvenile 'Alae 'Ula wandering around the bog with his parents above. As you can see, the firey red beak takes a while to develop and they have a cute white rump.

Alae Ula




Koloa or Anas wyvilliana. Okay, I couldn't resist putting this guy in just to prove a point: wild birds are everywhere! Carry your camera with you and good things happen. This is the female of a pair of Koloa that splashed down in Waikiki to munch on bread from the tourists and seaweed off of the rocks. Note the proper beak color as opposed to my buddy up above.

Koloa




Majiro or White Eye, Zosterops japonicus. Sorry for the repeat but he was being so photogenic on the Coral Tree, I couldn't resist..

Majiro




Muscovy Duck. Wild? Nah, this was the parking lot duck at the Tree Top Restaurant in Manoa. He/She was very friendly and cute as well.

Muscovy




Red-Billed Leiothrix or Leiothrix lutea. This is a forest bird that will pop up to feeders and lawns for a free snack. It was introduced from Asia.

Leiothrix




'Akekeke or Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). I suspect the Hawaiian name is from their call. These guys were browsing in a lawn on the windward side of the island in large numbers along with friendly Cattle egrets. These are Winter visitors who migrate back to the Arctic in the Summer.

Ruddy Turnstone




'Akekeke or Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). I suspect these were more 'Akekeke, this time in flight. It is quite a sight to see as they zig zag across the sky in unison. Thank goodness for long lenses.

Ruddy Turnstone




Hunakai or Sanderling (Caldris alba). Another Winter visitor; Sanderlings Summer and breed in the Arctic. These two were digging in the sand for small invertebrates, running up and down with the waves. They walked right up to me and posed.

Sanderling




'Ulili or Wandering Tattler. Another Winter visitor. These breed and Summer in Alaska. This 'Ulili was also hunting the sand for food along with the Sanderlings above.

Wandering Tattler


I dare say I spent more time in the water photographing fish rather than birds this Christmas but here are a few new ones that I chanced upon.




Rose-ringed Parakeet, Psittacula krameri, mature female.   This is an Asian and African species that appears to have naturalized in Hawaii.  This one was resting high up in a massive Quipo tree (Cavanillisea platanifolia) at the Foster Botanical Gardens.




Red-footed Booby, White morph, Sula sula or, in Hawaiian, 'A.  I spotted small flocks of the white morphs flitting above the waves of Makapu.  Some flew so close they were just over the heads of the surfers below.  While Booby Birds are known to be ungainly on the ground, they are powerful and graceful in flight.  They nest in large colonies yet, hard as I might peer through my zoom, I failed to see any flecks of white on the bird sanctuary just off the coast.  Perhaps it was just the wrong time of year.




Red-footed Booby, Brown morph, Sula sula or, in Hawaiian, 'A.   Apparently, there is a white morph, a brown morph and a white-tailed brown morph.  This Brown Morph had me stumped for a little while since most of the Booby pictures out there are of the white morph.  I kept thinking this little Booby looked exactly like the white morph with that telltale blue beak but he was brown!  This very tame Brown  Morph hopped up on a boat in Kaneohe to beg for food.  Perhaps he was hand-raised by humans.  He's now a greeter at Sealife Park and enjoys all the food he can eat for his ambassadorial duties.


 

Hawaii is home to many unique and rare species of birds. Few of us will have the fortune to see more than a couple of these threatened species. I have tried to photograph Hawaii's species and habitat when possible, as seen in the picture of the Koa'e Kea above, and have, through the graces of special persons in my youth, been able to see some of these birds in their natural habitat. Nevertheless, I must admit that the legendary patience and persistence of Hawaii's true avian photographers such as Mr. Jeffrey is an absolute wonder to me and has enabled me to see worlds I have otherwise only glimpsed at.

If you are interested in knowing more about Hawaiian birds and their habitats, there are excellent references and photos of Hawaiian birds available including, A Pocket Guide to Hawai'i's Birds, by Pratt and Jeffrey. Also, H. Douglas Pratt published a photo guide called, Birds: Images of Hawaii's Feathered Heritage. Lastly, Jack Jeffrey's stunning photos are available at the Grove Gallery at 302 Kamehameha Ave, Hilo, HI 96720 where I had a chance to chat with Mrs. Jeffrey while I admired the photos. She had stories of the hours they had spent waiting for birds to return to a particular branch to create some of Mr. Jeffrey's reknowned photographs and told of Mr. Jeffrey's Herculean patience whenever a good bird photo was to be had. Because of the supreme patience and persistence of Mr. Jeffrey and other persons like himself, the rest of us have an opportunity to glimpse this fleeting world.

 

 

 

akepa akiapolaau alala amakihi
Akepa: Rain forests of the island of Hawaii; beak has crossed tips used to forage between leaf buds for insects; smallest of the honeycreepers; occassionally sips nectar as well.
Akiapola'au: Hawaiian for hammerhead, Aki is the woodpecker of the Hawaiian rainforest, using its lower beak to peck at trees for grubs and its curved upper beak to collect the exposed bounty.
'Alala: the last surviving Hawaiian crow species. There are only a few remaining individuals found in rural Kona. Likely a victim of non-native predators such as the mongoose, feral cats and rats.
'Amakihi: lives in dry Mamane forest on the leeward side of Mauna Kea and on Molokai. Regional variants are also found on Oahu and Kauai. Mixed diet of bugs/grubs and nectar.
anianiau apapane moa frigate
'Anianiau: in the rainforests of Kauai, this close relative of the Amakihi has differentiated itself with a somewhat straighter bill. A feathered tongue is used to gather nectar that is supplemented by insects.
Apapane: fairly frequent in Hawaii Volcano National Park and is also a seasonal visitor to the dry leeward slopes of Mauna Kea. Can be easily identified versus the I'iwi by the bright white feathers under the tail
Moa: Wild chickens were originally introduced by the early Hawaiians and have since naturalized into many Hawaiian habitats.
Frigate Bird: lives on a diet of fish, occasionally stolen from other birds. Males are black with a red pouch, females blask with white underbelly. When I was a child, they said that circling frigate birds where a harbinger of death.
plover i'iwi io mamo
Kolea: Golden Plover; migrates from Alaska where they nest to winter in warm Hawaiian habitats. Often seen hunting for food in Hawaii's lawns and grassy areas.
I'iwi: found in alpine Hawaiian rainforests. Less common than the Apapane, the I'iwi is a nectar feeder, using its curved beak to access the nectar of several co-evolved species of curve-flowered plants such as the Stenogyne.
'Io: Found only on the Big Island of Hawaii; this is the only hawk species native to the islands. Younger individuals have a cream-colored under-belly.
Mamo: not seen since the early 1900's, the yellow feathers from roughly 80,000 mamo still grace King Kamehameha I's feather cape. Each bird was patiently captured in traps made with a sticky substance from the sap of the breadfruit tree carefully rubbed onto branches. A few feathers were removed from each bird and then bird was released.
nene palila pueo tropic
Nene: Native Hawaiian goose, typically found in grassy areas in and around Volcano National Park and in the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Feeds on the fruit of low growing shrubs such as the Ohelo, Pukiawe and Kukaenene.
Palila: lives on the leeward slope of Mauna Kea. Uses it's finch-like beak to open the pods and feast upon the the seeds of the Mamane tree (pea family).
Pueo: Short-eared owl. Found on all of the islands where it preys on small rodents and birds.
Koa'e kea: White-Tailed Tropic Bird: small flocks of this bird can be seen flying high above Hale ma'u ma'u crater where it nests.

I would like to extend my greatest thanks to the photographers, authors and conservationists, through whose work we are able to glimpse the world of Hawaiian birds. Special thanks to Jack Jeffrey, Jim Denny, H. Douglas Pratt and Tom Fake as well as to the USGS, Southwestern Adventist University, the Audobon Society, Sarah Huber, Kilauea Point Natural History Association and the many others that both made this page possible and, in a greater sense, continue to make the wonders of Hawaii's wildlife visible to the greater public. I would like to encourage the interested public to support these individuals both in their efforts to preserve what is left of the fragile Hawaiian ecosystem but also through your patronage of their commercial photography and literature. The photos on this page are puposefully left at thumbnail size and are intended for educational and conservation purposes only and are not intended to be used commercially. If you are intested in owning photos of native Hawaiian birds, the most stunning Hawaiian bird photography I've ever seen, complements of Mr. Jack Jeffrey, are available at reasonable prices at the Grove Gallery in Hilo.. Thank you to all of the contributors of photos for this page. If you would like to contribute to or otherwise modify the content of this page, please send comments, photos, etc. to the author via the home page below.

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