33.                                        The French Revolution

Timeline

The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792)

Marie Antoinette:

1. Her death was celebrated.
2. “The Window Capet,” however, showed great dignity as she went to her death.

Cardinal Fleury (1653-1743)-

1. André-Hercule de Fleury (1653 - 1743) was tutor to the young King Louis XV and in effect Prime Minister of France.
2. In 1726 Andre-Hercule de Fleury became a cardinal.

Financial and administrative problems-

1. The government was spending more money then they had.
2. The government went into debt.

Demands of the Nobility-

1. The nobles demanded protection for their land during the revolution.
2. The nobles were worried that the enemies would ruin their land and take it over.

Identify "Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781)-

1. Was a French economist comptroller general of finances.
2. The son of a rich merchant, he showed precocious ability at school and at the Sorbonne. He early abandoned plans to enter the priesthood, and in 1752 he entered the royal administration.

Identify "Jacques Necker" (1732-1804)-

1. Necker was appointed France's Directory of the Royal Treasury in 1776, and a year later Director General of the Finances.
2. In addition to attempting to raise money for the American War of Independence, he instituted a number of financial and social reforms, which earned him the antagonism of the aristocracy and even Marie-Antoinette.

Explain Louis Reign-

1. Louis set up a central administration. 
2. Louis also kept a watch on his enemies near and far

The Estates General (1788)

First Estate-

1. Provided social services.  Nuns, monks, and priests ran schools, hospitals, and orphanages.
2. Many Clergy condemned the Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order.

Second Estate-

1. Titled nobility of French society.
2. Noble Knights defended the land.  1600’s Richelieu and Louis XIV had crushed the nobles military but given them other rights under strict royal control.
3. Those rights included top jobs in government the army, the courts, and the Church.

Bourgeoisie-

1. Middle Class
2. Included the prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who propped up the French economy.

Proletariat-

1. The working class
2. The haves were the bourgeoisie
3. The have-nots were the proletariat

Third Estate-

1. Contained about 27 million people, 98% of the population, a diverse group and at the top sat the bourgeoisie.
2. 9 out of 10 were rural peasants. Poorest of the third estate were the city workers.
3. A large number were unemployed.  To survive, some turned to begging or crime.

Peasant life in France-

1. Were burdened by taxes on everything from land to soap or salt.
2. Through technically free, many owed fees and services that dated back to the medieval times.
3. Were also incensed when nobles, hurt by rising prices, tried to reimpose old manor dues.
4. Peasants were even forbidden from kill rabbits that ate their crops.

Gabelle-

1. A slat tax imposed in France until 1790. 
2. Tax was imposed by Louis XIV one who was the cause of the revolution.

Corv'ee-

1. Unpaid labor to repair roads and bridges.
2. Through technically free, many owed fees and services that dated back to the medieval times.

The Middle Class-

1.       Also known as bourgeoisie.

2.       Most middle class people lived in the Third Estate.

3.       Included prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who propped up in the French economy.

Urban workers-

1. They worked for low pay and did work for nobles and other wealthy people.
2. They were often lived in the Third Estate

King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788)

Identify "Elections for the Estates General"-

1. The Third, realizing that separate roll calls would more than likely mean separate voting, refused to begin.  Calling themselves the 'commons', they issued invitations to the other orders to join them
2. The election for the first and second estates were direct elections by noble members and of clerical members. 

Identify "Demands on the Monarchy"-

1. The French people wished that Church leaders would rule the government.

Voting By Order-

1. When one of the states had one vote.
2. Like the state was a person and they were allowed to vote once.

The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789)

Identify "The Tennis Court Oath"-

1. Vowing not to disband until they had drawn up a constitution for France. 
2. Only propertied men were able to vote.

Identify "Louis XVI Versus the National Assembly"-

1. Louis XVI had to accept the assembly.
2. Louis XVI finally summoned the Estates General to meet at Versailles in May 1789

A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789)

Describe what happened-

1.       The Paris mob stormed the Bastille because they believed that there were weapons and gunpowder in the Bastille.

2.       Many were killed but the mob ended up overpowering the guards and killing the general in charge. 

Jacques Necker's restoration-

1.       A financial master and was chosen to be an adviser.

Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)-

Marquis de Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834)-

How did the revolt affect most aristocrats?-

The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789)

Describe-

Effects-

The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)

Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man-

1. Basically it states the rights of a man.
2. For example men born free will remain free.

Declaration of the Rights of Women-

1. States the rights of women and what they can do.
2. Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights. Social distinctions can be based only on the common utility.

Mob Action (1789)

1. Rioting broke out, not in Paris, but at Beaumont-sur-Oise, 25 miles to the north.
2. It began on April 27, 1775. It soon spread south - to Versailles, a six-hour walk from Paris - and finally, to Paris itself.

Political Clubs-

1. These clubs are similar to political parties of today.
2. These clubs had their own views and goals to achieve.

The Jacobins-

1. This political club had  many goals of removing the king and creating a republic.

The Cordeliers-

1. This was the revolutionary party.
2. This party wanted to provoke stuff.

The Feuillants-

1. These people were conservatives.
2. They got there name from the place were they held their meetings which was in a Feuillant monetary.

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy(1789)-

1. This document regulated the relationship between church and state.
2. It said that religious practice should not affect the government.

The National Assembly enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)

The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)

Necker's resignation-

1. Necker’s wanted to tax the first and second general estates.
2. When his enemies at court, led by the Queen and Count of Artois, again secured his dismissal in 1789, the populace, on July 14, stormed the Bastille in the first outbreak of violence of the French Revolution. Necker was once more recalled.

Mirabeau-

1. Was a well known merchant.
2. In 1788 Mirabeau was rejected as a potential delegate by his fellow aristocrats in his home district of Aix (Aix-en-Provence) but was elected as a Third Estate, (or commoner) delegate to the Estates General for two districts - Aix and Marseille. As Mirabeau could not take up both he decided to take up duties as a delegate for Aix.

Mirabeau's death (1791)

1. Lead to the cities trade ending.
2. Mirabeau's health had been greatly compromised by the excesses of his youth and his recent strenuous efforts as a politician and, although elected as president of the National Assembly (January 30th, 1791), only survived to perform his duties until 2nd April 1791.

Louis XVI and family flee but captured-

1. Louis XVI attempted to flee with his family.
2. His attempt failed and him and his family was captured and held similar to prisoners.

Louis accepts New Constitution (Sept. 14, 1791)-

1. The new constitution was accepted and imprisoned by Louis.

Other reforms of the National Assembly (1791)

Abolished titles of nobility-

1. The common person wanted the title of nobility to abolished. 
2. They thought it gave people who held power way to much.

Reorganized local government-

1. The National Assembly recognizes the local governments.
2. They also awarded them if they did a good job.

Laissez faire principals-

1. These principals said the government had nothing to do with the economic standards in France.
2. A policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

Legislative Assembly convenes (1791-92)

Conservatives-

1. Conservatives captured nearly 85% of the seats in the national assembly, and Édouard Balladur, a Gaullist, became premier.
2. The elections in April, 1791 returned a majority of moderates and conservatives to the Constituent Assembly, and their measures against the radicals led to a new insurrection—the June Days, three days of bloody street fighting in Paris

Moderates (centrists)-

1. Foreign occupation ended in 1818, France was again accepted into the council of the great powers.
2. The years of rule by the moderates gave way, however, after the assassination of the heir to the throne in 1820, to later be ruled by the ultra-Royalists, and the accession of Charles X in 1824 brought an ultra-Royalist to the throne.

Girondists-

1. Judge that helped the King make decisions.
2. The group first emerged in the Legislative Assembly elected in October 1791.

Mountain-

1. A mountain is the outcome of two plates that collided and moved up to make a mountains.
2. A mountain can also be an inactive volcano.

Intervention of Foreign Powers (1791-92)-

1. The French revolutionaries let the people of Europe follow their lead.
2. Few years later wars were breaking out between France and a couple of European powers.

Austria-Prussia Alliance-

1. Austria sided with the French in support for their fight for independence.
2. Through the military genius of Frederick the Great, Prussia became a major power in Europe

The Legislative Assembly deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the election of the National Convention (1792)

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity-

1. This was slang for The French Revolution
2. Contained the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and The Declaration of Rights of Women.

Radical Takeover-

1. The French quickly took control of many countries leaving them with the leading power in Europe.

Robespierre-

1. In May of 1793, Robespierre forced the Girondists out of the National Convention
2. Was a noble man that spread the beliefs and thoughts of the king.

Danton-

1. It was Danton that set up the revolutionary tribunals both in Paris and throughout the country.

Marat-

1. From the sewers he received a skin disease which required he bath constantly to ease the pain.
2. It was while he was bathing, that a Girondists named Charlotte Corday stabbed him to death in the early months of Terror.

Sans-culottes-

1. It was a political orthodox.
2. It was a government that was not separated from religion.

King Louis XVI is executed (1793)-

1.       The convention came to the conclusion that Louis XVI, King of France, was guilty of conspiring against the people of France and sentenced him to death by guillotine on January 21, 1793.

2.       The National Convention acted as a jury.

The Reign of Terror begins (1793)

Committee of public safety-

1. It was designed to raise new armies, and regulate the economy.
2. Basically they wanted to protect the people.

Jacobins-

1. Jacobins were mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectuals.
2. Was a revolutionary public club.

Republic of virtue-

1. France would become a Republic of virtue and rebuild the city from the ground up.
2. They believed that they were going to replace the old: property-based, monarchy and aristocracy with new, equality-based republic of civic virtue

Justification of extreme violence-

1. The French believed the people they killed were traitors.
2. People never saw this justification of extreme violence as a “war crime”

Revolutionary tribunal-

1. A court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders
2. Became one of the most powerful engines of the Terror.

The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792)

The War of the First Coalition is fought (1792-1797)-

1. France fought Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
2. Millions of People died.

Lev’ee en masse-

1. Lev’ee en masse means mass corruption.
2. On September 5, a policy through which the state used violence in order to crush the government resistance.

Coalition-

1. Temporary group of individuals formed to pursue specific objectives through joint action.
2. France and Italy had the most coalitions.

French military victories-

1. Napoleons victories are what saved France at the beginning of the French Revolution.
2. Thanks to France’s extremely strong army they were able to win many battles and be the power house of their time..

Treaty of Basel-

1. Ends the war with France.

The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)

Guillotine-

1. Was a machine used in the execution of people.
2. The Assembly approved a text providing that "Every person condemned to the death penalty shall have his head severed".

The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795)

Who controlled it?-

1. Mostly republicans controlled the drafts of the Constitution.
2. The Constitution, was ratified by popular vote and took effect in late October 1795, neither protected the government from unfriendly popular forces nor prevented the concentration of power.

How was it controlled?-

1. It was controlled by members of the old convention. 
2. The Republican Party had the final say on everything that happened.

Council of Elders-

1. December, 1799, Napoleon and his colleagues legislated a new constitution, one that modeled the French Republic.
2. Was a disguised dictatorship under Napoleon.

Dissolving of the National Convention-

1. The National Convention was becoming less and less important to people.
2. People were worrying more about other things..

The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799)

Financial crisis-

1. The government became so broke from buying stuff with money they didn’t have they filed for bankruptcy.
2. Asked Napoleon to command the French armies in Italy.

Corruption-

1. Louis was careful when guarding against corruption or the abuse of authority.
2. So he sent out investigators from his court to listen to the complaints of his citizens about the royal officials.

Exhaustion-

1. A country runs out of money.  France is a good example of exhaustion.
2. France was hit hard when the Arabs stopped sending oil over because France dose not have coal in its country.

Army-

1. A large organized body of armed professionals trained for combat on land.
2. Armies were and are used for invasions of another country either to protect yourself or to conquer to expand your countries land.

Napoleon Timeline

Napoleon Bonaparte

Time Line

Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821)

Birth and childhood- he was born in Corsica which was a French ruled island. At the age of 9 Napoleon was sent to France to be trained for a military career.

Physical stature (Napoleonic complex) - Napoleon was not a very tall man he was only 5’2’’ in US measurements but in British measurements he was 5’6’’. Though he was not very tall he was a pretty powerful man.

Marriage and political significance- Napoleon regulated economy by controlling prices, encouraging new industries, and built roads and canals. Napoleon had wife part of the throne with other members of his family. He had devorviced his wife Josephine to marry the niece of Marie Antoinette.

Early military successes (1796)-

Napoleon's army defeats the Austrians in Northern Italy (1797)- the start of this was the Austrians trying to re take control of Mantua. But that did not work and they where defeated many times.

Treaty of Campo Formio- this treaty signed October 27, 1797 by Napoleon and Ludwig von Cobenzl, who were represenatives for France and Ausrtria. This treaty stoped the first phase in the Napolionic wars.

1798-1799 French extend their control- the French had extended their control to Mantua. They had gained control of this after Austria had tried to get it.

Napoleon Fights his Egyptian campaign (1798-1799)

Napoleon's invasion of Egypt/ why? - Napoleon invaded Egypt because France wanted Egypt for it commercial and agricultural potential and its strategic importance to Anglo-French rivalry. 

Rosetta stone Discovery- it was discovered July 1799. There are two different stories of how it was recovered one is they say it was laying on the ground and the other it that it was part of a wall and the French ordered it knocked down.

Battle of the Pyramids- Napoleon defeated the Egyptian army and has temporary control over Egypt. Napoleon had also got his hands on grain that he was to take back to France.

Lord Horatio Nelson's role (1758-1805) - he had made it so that Napoleon and his army could not take over the upper half of Egypt. Nelson had stopped Napoleon and his troops at the Nile River.

Battle of the Nile- was between Napoleons army and Nelson’s army. When Napoleon was trying to take control of the upper half of Egypt.

War of the Second Coalition is fought (1798-1801)

Describe the war and its participants- Britain, Austria, Russia, Turkey, the Vatican, Portugal, and Naples where the countries that made up the second coalition. This war was the second coalition against France.

Alliance against France- Rome was an alliance against France. Rome was captured by a Napoleonic army.

Napoleon's defeat of the Second Coalition- Napoleon had come up with a plan that he would attack all the different nations at once. He had defeated nations in the coalition one at a time.

Treaty of Luneville- was signed in 1801, between France and Austria. The treaty confirmed and supplemented the terms of the treaty.

Treaty of Amiens(1802)- was signed in 1802. was signed by France, Spain, the Batavian Republic, and Great Britain.

Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power and becomes first consul (1799)-

How does he come to power?- he had changed the government. Become the first consul in three years.

The Constitution of 1799- was run by Napoleon. He over through Sieyes

Consulate- was a centralized government. Was run by Napoleonic administrators.

The Concordat of 1801 establishes reconciliation between France and the Papacy (1801)

What did it do?- this kept the churches under control but it also gave them rights to do other stuff.

Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)- had developed the new concordat once napoleon had lost power.

Civil Constitution of Clergy- was put into action July 2, 1790. gave civilians the power to pick who that want as bishop.

Napoleon becomes first consul for life (1802)

The Napoleonic Empire / Map (1804)

Hereditary emperor- was an emperor that thought that they where to good for other people to do stuff for them. Just like Napoleon who crowned himself.

Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824)- was Josaphines son who was Napoleons wife.

Napoleon's divorce 1809)- Napoleon had divorced his wife because she could not give him a son to take his place.

Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847)- was Napoleons wife after his divorce. She was the daughter of the king of Austria which gave them an alliance.

Napoleonic Administration- was the way that Napoleon had ruled the government.

Financial Reforms- he kept lower prices on things so people would not have to pay as much.

Centralized Government- he had made the government more civilized to what he wanted it to be.

Napoleonic Code 1807 (into effect 1804)- was a law that Napoleon had made for the way people are to live under his control.

Educational Reform/ University of France (1806)- he had built schools so that kids could have an education.

Napoleonic Wars (1805-1815)-

War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807)- it was a very bad war of its time was Napoleon against Britain.

British Naval Victory at Trafalgar- where Napoleon was defeted. Also where Haratio Nelson died.

French Victories on Land- he had attacked the Martello towers to have victory on land.

Treaty of Pressburg – came into action during the third coalition. Was with Britain and France. 

Napoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine and abolishes the Holy Roman Empire (1806)

Describe what it did.- it was Napoleon getting a bunch of German states to help him fight against the Roman Empire.

Treaties of Tilsit- it was a treaty signed to make piece between France and Russia.

Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825)- was the ruler of Russia when Napoleon made a collation against them.

King Frederick William III (1797-1840)- was the king of Prussia when they fought against France in the French Revolution.

Napoleon's brothers Kings

Joseph (1768-1844)- he had become a member of the council of Corsica.

Louis (1778-1846)- he became King of Holland.

Jerome (1784-1860)- was made king of Westphalia.

Napoleon establishes the continental system (1806)

Describe what it did.- was Napoleons way of trying to shut down Britain by not allowing any of there stuff into European Ports.

Berlin Decree of 1806- was put into action when Napoleon could not get through into British ports.

Milan Decree 1807- it strengthened the Berlin Degree. It also increased the continental system.

The Peninsular War- stared when Portugal declined the continental system.

Sir Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852)- was the captain of the British expedition that landed in Portugal.

Conflict on Other Fronts (1808-1810)

Austria- Austria had lost many wars against France.

Battle of Wagram (July 1809)- this was one of Napoleons battles against Austria.

Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 1809)- was a treaty with Austria and France Austria had alos gave up some of their land over this.

Plans to restore the French Empire in America (1803)- Napoleon wanted to expanded his empire to America because he believed that his forces where weak there.

Louisiana territory (1803)- and area of land that America had bought off of France.

War of 1812

Describe the happenings of the War- was when a British fleet attacked American Forces think that they where French.

Napoleon fights his unsuccessful Russian campaign (1812)

Invasion of Russia- because the leader of Russia at the time had gotten rid of the continental system in that area.

Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay (1761-1818)- he was a commander of Russia troops against Napoleon.

Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov- he had used a defensive stategy against French forces to hold them back which worked.

Battle of Borodino- was between Napoleon and Kutuzov where Napoleon had lost 35,000 men and Kustuzov lost 44,000

Grand Army entered Moscow- where the French tried to take over Moscow but did not work because Kutuzov was there waiting for Napoleon and drove them back.

French Retreat (Oct 19, 1812)- when the French where walking home after the failure of taking over Moscow.

Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations (1813)

Battle of the Nations- Paris lost their connection with there allies and Napoleon had lost his throne.

Napoleon abdicates and goes into exile on the island of Elba (1814)

Describe Napoleon's exile.- he was sent to this island because he was kicked out of France.

Louis XVIII (1814-1824)- was now king of France once Napoleon left and changed it back to a monarchy.

Napoleon returns to power, beginning the Hundred Days (1815)

Describe the 100 Days- was when Napoleon went on to waterloo to capture that country ad took him100 days to get there.

Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo (1815)

Describe the Battle of Waterloo.- was the last battle Napoleon would ever see. He was out numbered.

Duke of Wellington- helped defeat Napoleon at waterloo and was commander of the British in the Peninsula war.

Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819)- was commander of the Persian army which helped defeat Napoleon.

Napoleon dies on Saint Helena (1821)