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Radar System Performance Modeling
Course Topics
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Radar Modeling
· Course outline and scope
· Concept of radar operation
· Radar functions
· Radar applications
· Radar configurations
· Radar basing
· Frequency
· Antenna types
· Waveforms employed
· Signal processing techniques
· Monostatic and bistatic radar
· Functional radar models
· Characteristics of functional models
· Units
Lesson 2 - Radar Analysis Parameters
· Transmitter
· Power
· Duty cycle
· Efficiency
· Stability
· Antennas
· Antenna pattern
· Gain and aperture area
· Sidelobes
· Monopulse antennas
· Polarization
· Phased-array antennas
· Element gain and aperture area
· Off-broadside scan
· Array field-of-view
· Receiver and signal processor
· System noise temperature
· Signal-0processing losses
· Receiver channels
· Target radar cross section
· Radar cross section (RCS) characteristics
· RCS fluctuation
· Swerling fluctuation models
· Bistatic RCS
Lesson 3 - Radar Waveforms
· Waveform characteristics
· Energy
· Resolution
· Ambiguity function
· CW pulses
· Characteristics
· Ambiguity function
· Application considerations
· Linear FM pulses
· Characteristics
· Ambiguity function
· Application considerations
· Phase-coded waveforms
· Characteristics
· Ambiguity function
· Application considerations
· Pulse-burst waveforms
· Characteristics
· Ambiguity function
· Application considerations
· Multiple-time-around returns
· Source
· Mitigation techniques
· Radial-velocity ambiguities
· Source
· PRF selection
Lesson 4 - The Radar Equation
· Radar range equation
· Signal-to-noise ratio
· Radar equation inputs
· Alternate forms of the range equation
· Parameter definition in the range equation
· Transmitter and receiver interfaces
· Consistent parameter definition
· Parameter definition in phased-array radars
· Reference range
· Concept of reference range
· Using reference-range
· Pulse integration
· Pulse-integration needs and methods
· Coherent integration
· Noncoherent integration
· Minimum-range constraint
· Minimum-range issues
· Impact and mitigation techniques
Lesson 5 - Radar Detection
· The detection process
· Detection definitions
· Detection factors
· False alarms
· Threshold setting
· False-alarm rate and time
· False-alarm setting
· Constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) techniques
· Detection using a single pulse or coherent dwell
· Single-pulse detection probability
· Detection with coherent dwell
· Impact of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and probability of false alarm
· Detection using noncoherent integration
· Noncoherent-integration detection probability
· Impact of S/N and number of pulses integrated
· Noncoherent integration features and issues
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· Cumulative detection
· Cumulative detection probability
· Impact of S/N and number of pulses
· Cumulative detection features and issues
Lesson 6 - Radar Search
· The search equation
· Radar search modes and definitions
· Search equation
· Search equation characteristics
· Rotating search radars
· Rotating search radar configuration
· Signal return characteristics and losses
· Acquisition range
· Elevation coverage
· Volume search with phased arrays
· Phased-array search patterns
· Beam broadening and number of beams needed
· Average scan loss
· Detection and acquisition ranges
· Cued search
· Cued-search concept and geometry
· Single-beam cued search
· Multi-beam cued search
· Horizon search with phased arrays
· Horizon-search concept and geometry
· Detection and acquisition ranges
· Target range considerations
· Horizon search with dish radars
· 360-degree horizon scan
· Bow-tie horizon scan concept and geometry
· Bow-tie azimuth coverage
· Bow-tie detection and acquisition ranges
Lesson 7 - Radar Measurement and Tracking
· Radar measurement characteristics
· Error sources
· Resolution and measurement geometry
· Error bounds
· Range measurement accuracy
· Range measurement concept and accuracy
· Error sources
· Angular measurement accuracy
· Angle measurement concept and accuracy
· Error sources, including glint, multipath and those for phased arrays
· Velocity measurement accuracy
· Doppler-velocity measurement concept and accuracy
· Velocity from multiple measurements
· Error sources
· Measurement of target features
· Target RCS measurement concept and accuracy
· Error sources
· Target radial length measurement concept and accuracy
· Measurement of target rotational velocity and accuracy
· Range-Doppler imaging
· Multiradar measurements
· Features of multiradar measurements
· Geometry and accuracy
· Single-radar multilateration
· Measurement smoothing and tracking
· Concept and accuracy of measurement smoothing
· Target position prediction
· Target tracking concepts
· Radar tracking techniques
· Track-while scan (TWS)
· Servos
· Sequential lobing
· Conical scan
· Monopulse
· Track fusion
Lesson 8 - Radar Environment and Mitigation Techniques
· Terrain and sea surface effects
· Radar clutter geometry and characteristics
· Clutter reflectivity
· Clutter reduction
· Multipath geometry and propagation effects
· Precipitation effects
· Signal attenuation from rain
· Calculation of attenuation from point rainfall rates (Crane model)
· Rain clutter and mitigation techniques
· Troposphere effects
· Tropospheric attenuation
· Lens loss
· Troposphere refraction and its correction
· Ionospheric effects
· Ionospheric characteristics
· Ionospheric attenuation
· Polarization rotation
· Signal dispersion
· Ionospheric refraction
Lesson 9 - Radar Countermeasures and Counter-Countermeasures
· Countermeasure concepts
· Countermeasure (CM) and counter-countermeasure (CCM) issues
· Common CMs and CCMs
· Mainlobe jamming
· Jamming characteristics
· Effect on radar performance
· Impact of jammer bandwidth
· Burnthrough range
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· Jamming issues
· Sidelobe jamming
· Same as above
· Sidelobe blanking
· Sidelobe cancellation
· Volume chaff
· Chaff characteristics
· Resolution cell and chaff scattering volume
· Target detection in chaff
· Target discrimination
· Radar decoys
· Concept of discrimination from radar measurement
· Discrimination probabilities
Lesson 10 -- Airborne and Space-Based Radar Issues
· Radar configurations
· Airborne radar antennas
· SBR antennas
· Weight and prime power limitations
· SBR constellations
· Clutter characteristics
· Mainlobe clutter
· Sidelobe clutter
· Pulse-Doppler processing
· High PRF
· Medium PRF
· Low PRF
· Displaced phase center arrays (DPCA)
· Concept
· Configurations
· Capabilities and limitations
· Space-time adaptive processing
· Clutter structure
· Joint processing
· Capabilities and limitations
· Synthetic-aperture radar
· Concept
· Doppler beam sharpening
· Side-looking radar
· Spotlight SAR
· Capabilities and limitations
Lesson 11 - Radar Performance Modeling Techniques and Examples
· Methodology
· Formulating problems
· Combining models
· Addressing missing data
· Example problems
· False-alarm probability optimization
· Cumulative detection over long periods
· Cued search using a dish radar
· Composite measurement errors
Lesson 12 - Using Custom Radar Functions for Analysis in Excel
· Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Custom Radar Functions
· Characteristics
· Functions provided
· Installing and testing the functions
· File copy
· Activation
· Function test
· Using the functions
· Function selection
· Paste function dialog box
· Direct entry
· Excel functions
· Example problems
· Viewing and modifying code and data
· Visual Basic Editor
· Data spreadsheets
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