Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project

Background

This Y-DNA project was started in September 2002 after a Carpenter discussion group was held in Clearwater, Florida. One item of discussion was how Y-DNA research could help Carpenter genealogy. Some of the most important questions where Y-DNA testing could help were:

• Were the two William Carpenters who came to America in the 1630's related? The answer is YES. Groups 2 and 3 respectively reflect these two ancestors.
• Could similar Y-DNA markers from an unknown ancestral lines help researchers contact others on the same line? The answer is YES. This project has already shown some Carpenter researchers with no previously known connection that they are related and prompted them to compare notes.
• Could we determine that some Carpenter lines are unrelated to others, such as the Carpenters of English ancestry and those of German/Swiss ancestry? The answer is YES. This project has identified many genetically distinct Carpenter lines, both English and German, and all of the German lines have proven to be different from all of the English lines and from each other.
• Could we connect emigrant lines to Carpenters or Zimmermans still living in the homelands? The answer is presumably yes, but we have not yet recruited many European participants. Stay tuned for future developments.
• Could the Y-DNA research cause many more questions to be asked? The answer is YES. The more we learn the more questions we have!

It was determined that an informal organization without dues be set up, to allow a wide range of participants and flexibility in growth. We knew that the project would start off slowly and grow based on member participation. We have used word of mouth and on-line discussion groups to advertise the project. No one is paid for working on this project; all are volunteers.

This project will grow as members encourage other Carpenters to submit their Y-DNA. There are many Carpenter lines yet to be documented and linked.

Please note that this web page is a work in progress. We make additions and corrections continually. Please do not copy this page elsewhere, in whole or in part, since a separate copy will no longer partake of the progress we are making. You may freely link to this page for reference to the information it contains.

For more information about the study contact our project administrator/coordinator: John R. Carpenter.

To join the Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project:
http://www.familytreedna.com/surname_join.asp?code=S82066
 

Project News

Brief Explanation

For those who are unfamiliar with DNA testing and its jargon, here is a brief description. DNA in the cell nucleus is organized into objects called chromosomes. Humans have 46, including two that determine each person's sex: if these are X and X, the person is female; if X and Y, male. The Y chromosome is passed virtually unchanged from father to son through the generations and forms the basis for our testing.

Because the Y inheritance scheme is the same as the traditional surname inheritance in our society, we expect to find that all males with the same family surname will have the same Y chromosome as well. One obvious exception is the case of two unrelated families that happen to have the same surname. By testing many Carpenters, it should be possible to separate them all into the various families. The DNA test simply measures the lengths of certain specific sequences on the Y chromosome. Comparing the results will reveal how closely the test subjects are related to each other, if at all. These sequences are smaller than genes and have no known genetic function. Thus, the test is not designed to reveal any physical characteristics or innate tendencies.

MORE JARGON: A list of these lengths for a given individual is called a HAPLOTYPE. The sequences themselves are called MARKERS or LOCI (plural of LOCUS) and have names bestowed by a scientific panel. A typical name is "DYS393" (where the "Y" indicates that the marker is on the Y chromosome). Note: the term "haplotype" should not be confused the similar-sounding term HAPLOGROUP. Haplogroup classification is based on a completely different type of marker that is much more stable. It is usually possible to guess the haplogroup from the haplotype, but there is no direct connection.
 

Methodology

Since the Y chromosome is inherited virtually unchanged, why are there any differences at all? The answer is mutation. These particular sequences have been chosen because they tend to mutate very rapidly (compared to most DNA). The current understanding is that each locus can be expected to mutate (typically by getting longer or shorter by one unit) about once in 500 generations on average. This is obviously a slow process compared to the time scale of genealogy, but it is actually quite rapid compared to the time scale of evolution. Indeed, with many loci tested at the same time, two distant cousins are often found to differ by a step in some locus or other. We have to make allowances for that possibility, but the basic rule of thumb is that two people with many differences in their haplotypes are not related on the male side.

In a statistical sense, it is possible to estimate the amount of time since the common ancestor of any two males, simply by counting the differences between them. However, these estimates are hugely imprecise, and the only important calculation for genealogical purposes is the probability of a common ancestor recent enough to bear a surname (presumably the same as that of the descendants). If there is no common ancestor that recent, then the testees' sharing of a surname has to be regarded as a coincidence.
 

Results

To allow viewing these results without side-to-side scrolling, they are divided into separate tables. Table 1 gives the loci included in FTDNA's 25-locus test (the recommended test for this project). Since most participants have followed the recommendation and tested at least to this level, Table 1 is almost completely filled in. Table 2 gives the loci included in two kinds of extensions to the recommended test: first, loci 26-37 available from FTDNA and, second, eleven more offered by SMGF or Relative Genetics. Table 3 gives yet another extension: loci 38-67 from FTDNA, which include two of the Sorenson loci shown in Table 2. For ease of comparison, the results for these two loci are displayed in both tables.

We have collected on a separate page the lineages of the participants in this project and, where possible, even of the indirect participants whose test results have been gleaned from public databases. These lineages have been linked together where possible (sometimes after a little negotiation and adjustment). They are organized into groups in the same way as the test results below. In Table 1, each kit number is a "clickable" link to the test subject's place in the appropriate tree on the lineage page (if available).

When a group has an identified common ancestor for most of its members, or when the DNA displays near-perfect agreement for all of it members, the ancestral haplotype is reconstructed by comparing the DNA of the relevant group members. For the purposes of this reconstruction, the disagreements are resolved by assuming the simplest possible pattern of mutations. The resulting haplotype is shown at the top of the group, on a background of the color assigned to the group and tagged with the forename of the known ancestor who had that haplotype (or tagged with a question mark if no such common ancestor is known). The ancestor in question, if known, is the most recent common ancestor of the test subjects in the group and is marked with red arrows on the group's lineage chart on our lineage page.

For example, see Group 18 in Table 1. The members agree exactly, and so the ancestral haplotype is the same as theirs, and it is labeled "John" because inspection of the lineages for the members reveals that their most recent common ancestor was John D. Carpenter, born in 1871 (marked with red arrows on the chart).

Within each group, the results that do not agree with the group consensus, if any, are colored gray. If there is no clear consensus, then the entire column is colored gray. For example, see the results for DYS439 and DYS458 in Group 11 in Table 1. Although there is a 2-to-1 "majority" in these two columns, we see from the lineages that the two members who agree with each other are descended from the same son and even the same grandson of the common ancestor, and so they really deserve only one "vote" shared between them, which leaves a tie vote for the ancestral pattern in those columns, and we color all three members' entries gray in those columns. At first glance, DYS464a would seem to be in the same situation, but we have determined that the ancestral value here was almost surely 11, rather than 14, because it is relatively easy for a multi-copy marker (like DYS464) to mutate so that one copy becomes the same as another, but it is extremely rare for a marker to mutate by three steps otherwise.

As can be seen in Table 1, the results so far fall into a number of groups with distinct haplotypes. (Some of the "groups" have only one representative so far in the project -- these are lumped together in Groups 98 and 99.) With the exception of Groups 2 and 3, they are all very different. The estimated time from the common ancestor for any pair of these groups (other than 2 and 3) is thousands of years. Thus, despite sharing a surname, these groups are all paternally unrelated within genealogical time (again, other than 2 and 3).

Table 2 shows the extensions to 37 markers for the participants who have taken that step, plus other markers obtained from laboratories other than FTDNA. These entries are color-coded as in Table 1.
 

Notes and Discussion

Group 1

Group 1 consists of three samples that match exactly 25/25. Such a close match means that they are closely related, but remember that the genetic markers being tested here mutate very slowly on genealogical time scales. If we were able to select randomly a large number of pairs of Carpenters who match exactly in this manner, we would find that the median distance to the most recent common ancestors is about 7 generations. Of course, that does not in the least suggest that these particular three samples share a common ancestor exactly 7 generations ago. In fact, if we didn't know that these test subjects are separate individuals, the most likely explanation (statistically speaking) for the exact match would be that the samples all came from a single testee. As it happens, the lineages submitted by the first two show them to be second cousins, and 10336 is a third cousin of the others.

Group 2 and Group 3

Groups 2 and 3 are so similar that they were at first thrown in together as one group. Even now, the separation between them is subtle, and so both groups are discussed together here. For the time being, the primary distinction is based on locus DYS464d, which is 16 for Group 2 and 17 for Group 3. Thus, we need at least 25 loci to make a genetic choice between the two groups. Some members of these groups have extended their tests to 37 loci, but there are no inter-group differences among the 12 additional loci -- just individual variations. However, we find that there is one more distinction found among the 30 extra loci provided by the 67-locus test -- but only one more distinction. Indeed, two members of Group 3 have extended to 67, and the 30 loci of that extension are in complete agreement between the two. One member of Group 2 has also extended to 67, and 29 of the 30 loci agree among all three men. The one difference between the two groups, seen in DYS413a, is now confirmed by the custom-testing of DYS413 for three additional members of Group 2 and two additional members of Group 3. See below for more discussion of the separation between the two groups. Meanwhile, the discussion of comparisons of haplotypes in this section refers only to 25-locus comparisons.

6250, 9125, and 9350 match each other exactly and form the "core" of Group 2, and likely represent the ancestral haplotype of the group, simply because they do agree among themselves, as well as with three other participants whose lineages have not been connected, but have been associated with this group because of the matches. Similarly, 5734, 7615, 9462, 66205, 78150, 88543, and sm05 match each other exactly and form the core of Group 3, matching nine associated-but-not-connected participants as well. These two core haplotypes match at 24 of 25 loci, and one or the other probably is the ancestral haplotype of the combined groups.

Both groups also have members that nearly match, but not exactly. First of all, 9413, 15106, 25758, and sm07 form a perfectly matching subgroup within Group 2, one step away from the core (more on them below). 82457 also differs by one step from 6250, and 26027 differs by a step from the subgroup of 9413. There are others as well who nearly match the core or the subgroup, but have not yet been connected genealogically. Similarly, 12398, 13251, 20419, and some as-yet-unconnected members differ by one each from 5734. A few others differ by two or three steps.

Interestingly enough, the subgroup that includes 9413 outnumbers the "core" cluster and therefore could, in principle, compete for the core position in Group 2. However, conventional genealogy comes into play, as the subgroup appears to be closely related. Its members come from one particular line of the Providence Carpenters, and another relative of theirs, 9350, matches the main group. Thus, the apparently "large" number of members of this subgroup is really due to uneven sampling of the family tree, as can be seen in the lineage file. As for 11339, 16067, 17994, 28001, 76182, and sm17, the lineages show no direct connection with the Providence Carpenters, but we have placed them in Group 2 because the DNA matches. sm17 is an interesting coincidence -- he is the nephew of 16067, but his uncle was not aware of his participation until we discovered the relationship and asked the uncle for sm17's identity.

Based on the available lineages, the DYS390=24 value appears to be a mutation that occurred in Joseph Carpenter (CE CD #5312), a great grandson of the immigrant William. We have therefore designated a subgroup 2A consisting of Joseph's descendants, and we have similarly subdivided those who match Group 2 genetically, but have not yet traced their ancestry back to the founder. Joseph's haplotype is shown at the top of subgroup 2A, with the mutated value of DYS390 in bold red as a reminder of that distinction between 2 and 2A. Since the value DYS390=24 is also shared by 16067 and 28001, there is extra support for their inclusion with Group 2/2A. On the other hand, 6803 also has DYS390=24, but is assigned to Group 3 on the basis of DYS464d and DYS635/C4. In other words, we have firm evidence that the same mutation has occurred independently in two different Carpenter lines. Thus, we have an object lesson of the need for caution in using a single marker to assign a lineage. Nonetheless, we feel that the subdivision of Group 2 will be helpful to those who are still trying to trace their ancestry.

One tentative member of Group 2, 19426, has so far tested only 12 markers. Again, DYS464 is not among the first 12, and so we cannot determine whether he is closer to Group 2 or Group 3. Nonetheless, we have placed him in Group 2 because he has traced his line to William of Providence.

Some members of groups 2 and 3 are not direct participants in this project, but were instead discovered in the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy database, which holds the Y DNA test results of an ongoing worldwide project. The Sorenson data are anonymous, but each testee provides a four-generation pedigree along with the DNA sample, and the names of pre-1900 ancestors are listed for each. The first member discovered at SMGF, here designated "sm05", is a 25/25 match with Group 3, and that accords with his claimed lineage back to William of Rehoboth. A similar situation exists for sm07, who matches Group 2 and whose ancestry goes back to William of Providence. In addition, his line goes through Joseph (CE CD #5312), and he shares the mutation DYS390=24 with the other descendants of Joseph, and so sm07 has been placed in subgroup 2A. It is significant that sm05 and sm07 match each other on 10 of the 11 additional markers available in the Sorenson results. The continuing match between Groups 2 and 3 emphasizes that they are closely related, while the one new mismatch turns out to be an additional means of distinguishing between the groups. The new inter-group mismatch on marker Y-GATA-C4 (more properly known as DYS635) has now been confirmed by six further results found at Sorenson and by eight additional "a la carte" tests at FTDNA.

Based on this now-confirmed discrepancy, along with the originally discovered difference at DYS464d, and the additional difference at DYS413a, we can state with 95% confidence that the most recent common ancestor of the two groups was more than 2 generations before the immigrants and less than about 20. Therefore, the DNA testing has very nearly ruled out the often-repeated claim that the Williams were first cousins. The most likely estimate is about 7 generations, but that is a very rough estimate, and the 95% confidence interval is a more reasonable description of what the DNA is telling us.

For a detailed and current understanding of the two William Carpenter immigrants and their immediate families, see: http://members.cox.net/jrcrin001/carplink.htm

Meanwhile, 5853 differs by four steps from 6250 (see table). That level of difference corresponds to an expected time of about a thousand years since the common ancestor, but with a sizable uncertainty. In other words, this "member" could be unrelated after all, or he could be from a line separated from the other members for many centuries, or he could simply be from a line that has accumulated a higher-than-average number of mutations in the recent past. Note that the claimed lineages indicate that 5853 shares a common ancestor with 9350 just three centuries ago, and with 15106 just two centuries ago (but the latter has a questionable link). 8847 similarly shares an ancestor two centuries ago, and 8847 "splits the difference" between 5853 and the core of Group 2. There is therefore only a mild conflict between the genealogical evidence and the DNA. At present, there are a few weak links in the lineage shown for 5853, these links being based primarily on oral tradition and sparse data that support the tradition, but are inadequate to prove descent. As new test results come in, the DNA evidence might soften its conflict with the genealogy (for example, if 5853 recruits a first or second cousin into the project, that might very well provide a bridge between 5853 and 8847).

Although most of Group 3 have upgraded to 37 markers, very few in Group 2 have done so. Therefore, it is impossible to do a detailed comparison between the two groups on the 12 additional markers. However, we see that one member of Group 2 exactly matches the consensus of Group 3 on these 12 markers, and only a smattering of discrepancy among the others. At 67 markers, the coverage is even sparser, but we can see enough to convince us that the situation there is basically the same, except for DYS413a, which differs between the two groups.

Group 4

Subjects 5983 and 9848 differ by only one step at one locus (DYS449) and are thus presumably related. In addition, they both display a very unusual feature: instead of the usual four copies of the DYS464 marker, they have six. (Note: there are also known cases with three or five copies of this marker. There is nothing significant about having six, aside from its being rare.) This is a hereditary trait and serves to distinguish their family easily from others that might appear similar based on the other 21 markers. There are no other samples in the results seen so far that come anywhere near, but that could change as the study progresses. Group 17 is only two steps away on a 12-marker comparison, but that is not close enough to be considered related without further evidence. The extension of Group 17 to 25 markers shows only four copies of DYS464 and one other difference from Group 4 as well.

Group 5

Subjects 6060 and 32283 are uncle and nephew, and their DNA matches exactly (not surprisingly). They differ from 14756 by only one step at one locus and are thus presumably related to him as well. More importantly, they all claim descent from a common ancestor born c1702, although one of the lines is admittedly unproven. 73497 also claims descent from the same ancestor and differs by one step at another locus, and thus he also clearly belongs to this group. Together, they form a consensus haplotype that matches 6060 and 32283 on the 25 markers tested by everyone in the group. Three other testees differ from this consensus by no more than one step and claim a Zimmermann/Carpenter ancestry, and so they are probably also related. Two of these, 17011 and 53199, share the same mutation, and therefore they may form a sub-group within Group 5 with a distinct common ancestor who was a contemporary and relative of Hans Zimmermann.

Note: we are still working on some proposed connections for the as-yet-unconnected members of this group.

Group 6

Subjects 11230 and 11417 are an exact 25/25 match. Since they claim descent from the same line, their relationship now rests firmly on two types of evidence: genealogical and genetic. 48346 has been added to this group on the basis of a 25/25 match. His lineage has been traced back to Ireland without connecting to the other two. It seems likely, therefore, that either the forebears of 48346 had come to Ireland from England, or the immigrant ancestor of the other two had come to America from Ireland.

Group 7

Group 8

Subjects 8026 and 17908 are an exact match. These two claim descent from the same line, with a common ancestor born around 1710, living in Virginia. Several others also match, but have not yet traced their shared ancestry far enough to link to the others. 33350 is another match, and 31891 and 77371 are just one step away, and the three of them have traced back to a common ancestor almost as far back as 8026 and 17908, but have not yet found a connection to the rest.

Group 9

Subjects 16675 and 16807 claim descent from the same line of Swiss Zimmerman immigrants, and their DNA matches 24/25, with only a one-step difference at DYS390. It remains to be seen which is the ancestral value, but the group as a whole is well established. 16807 has also submitted a sample to SMGF, and his results are starting to appear in the SMGF database, but only 12 markers have been completed so far, eight duplicating results from FTDNA and four additional markers.

Group 10

This group, consisting of 4823 and two close relatives, has found a 23/25 match through the YSEARCH database, not among the other participants in the Carpenter study, but in a Shoemaker, shown in Table 1 as "9n8r4", the YSEARCH identifier. Investigation has revealed a probable non-paternity event in 4823's line. Since then, a Shoemaker DNA project has begun recruiting testees, and 4823 has joined it and found an even closer, 24/25 match there. 4823's nephew, 17590, has also been tested and differs by two steps from 4823. This is an unexpectedly large difference for an uncle-nephew pair, but certainly within the realm of possibility. 4823's brother, 22681, agrees 12/12 with the other two. Another Shoemaker who matches 30/32 to 4823 has been found in the SMGF database and is shown in Tables 1 and 2 as "sm08".

Group 11

This group is yet another Swiss family whose name was originally Zimmerman[n]. When there were only two members, they matched exactly, but the addition of a third member has introduced three discrepancies. We cannot be sure where the mutations occurred. Perhaps additional members of this family, descended from other sons of the founder, will come forward and establish the ancestral pattern.

Group 12

This group emerged recently from Group 98 when a 21/21 match was found between a sample from SMGF and one of our direct participants, with connected pedigrees. The match was extended to 25/25 when SMGF added results from DYS464 to the on-line database.

Group 13

This group consists at present of two first cousins. Their lineage was previously thought to connect to William of Providence, but the DNA testing has shown otherwise.

Group 14

This group is still tentative. Two members match 12/12 and share a known common ancestor. One of these two has extended to 37 markers and matches the third member 36/37, but they have not yet found a common ancestor for everyone, nor even traced their lines to a shared locale.

Group 15

This group is still tentative. Two members have a 24/25 match and both trace back to a common ancestor in Virginia and thus form the nucleus of the group. A third is 25/25 with one of the first two, and traces back to Virginia, but has not yet connected. A fourth member, 77358, is 24/25 with the two matching members, but this one is even more uncertain than the others because his ancestry apparently has no connection with Virginia. Indeed, his connection, if and when it is found, may be before the emigration to America. Nonetheless, he is clearly much closer genetically to Group 15 than to anyone else in the project, and it seems best to place him in this group pending further research. A fifth member shares the one-step difference of 77358 and has one other one-step offset as well. He also shows no sign of a genealogical link to the other members of the group. Nonetheless, like 77358, he is clearly closer to this group than to anyone else. If subsequent additions to this group reveal a correlation between the one-step offset shared by 77358 and N41992 and a non-Virginia heritage, especially if we can find some connection elsewhere, we may split this group in the same way that we split Group 2 from Group 3.

Group 16

Group 17

This group was established upon recognition of four participants who match each other exactly and have been traced back to two immigrants who apparently came from France and Germany. In one case, the immigrant bore the name Cherpantier (i.e., French in form), but settled in a German Lutheran community in Pennsylvania and used German forenames for his children. Furthermore, the surname was anglicized to Sherbondy, indicating that its pronunciation included the voiced "B" and "D" sounds instead of the "P" and "T" we would normally associate with its original spelling. One place where this same "softening" of the hard consonants can be found is in the French/German border region.

In the other case, the immigrant was called Zimmerman in the earliest known records in the USA (also in Pennsylvania), but soon changed to the English form Carpenter. We surmise that the name of this line may have originally had a French form, but was converted to the German form at some point in the past, presumably to fit into a German-speaking area. (The area along the French/German linguistic boundary has suffered many wars over the centuries, and people fleeing from the devastation may well have crossed back and forth between languages.) However, the only evidence for this hypothesis at present is the exact DNA match. Indeed, perhaps the family in question originated in Germany and then spread to France. More research will be needed, perhaps much more, to find the link between the two progenitors.

Group 18

This group was established on the basis of an exact 25/25 match between two first cousins once removed. It is hoped that some more-distant relatives join the project and deepen the time base of this group.

Group 98 and Group 99

Groups 98 and 99 include all the rest of the test subjects without any linkages. For a brief while, it seemed that 5926 might be part of Group 7, since they matched 12/12 in the initial comparison. Unfortunately, the 25-marker comparison reveals seven differences between them, one of which is a two-step difference. This places the estimated separation between them over two thousand years.

Two other testees, 20834 and 24583, are also fairly close to Group 7 on the first 12 markers (only 10/12 with the group consensus, but 11/12 with 17455). Again, the 25-marker comparison shows quite a different picture: six or seven differences each, including a two-step difference. Furthermore, there is not even a good match between any pair of 5926, 20834, and 24583. These three and several others come from a large population of unrelated lines close to the Atlantic Modal Haplotype and consequently close to Group 7. Meanwhile, another participant, 46106, is 11/12 with 24583 but has not upgraded to 25 markers.

Yet another testee with a partial match to Group 7 is "knb8f" (whose DNA test was performed outside this project, and whose results we found in the YSEARCH database). Unfortunately, too few markers were tested to decide whether knb8f might actually belong to Group 7.

All of these coincidental near-matches have been placed together in Group 98, separate from Group 99, because of their similarity. Although there is no evidence that they are at all related, they clearly come from the same pool, belonging to haplogroup R1b, the most common haplogroup in western Europe. Extra care is required in comparing these haplotypes with others because of the possibility of random matches.
 

Conclusions

Not surprisingly, the ranges of values seen in this table are typical of European DNA, but very little can be said about pinpointing the places of origin (e.g., England vs. France vs. Belgium vs. Germany). One pattern here shows some regional specificity: that of Groups 2 and 3. These testees belong to a haplogroup (known as R1a, confirmed by specific tests that have been performed now for three different members) that is common in Scandinavia, Germany, and points east, but rare in England and France. However, medieval incursions of the Vikings occurred all over Europe, including England and Normandy, for example, and so this exception does not provide clear-cut clues to the recent geographic history of the ancestors of these testees. Some other participants belong to a haplogroup (E3b) that is rare, but widely scattered, throughout most of Europe and is therefore similarly unhelpful in pinpointing their origins.

One thing that is clear from the results so far: the name Carpenter has many different origins. We have multiple, distinct German/Swiss lines that were originally Zimmermanns as well as multiple, distinct lines of evidently English origin. Nonetheless, we have found that two English lines with no documented connection (those of the immigrant William Carpenters of Providence and Rehoboth) are indeed related. This discovery may have a profound impact on Carpenter genealogy in the future, since it gives added incentive to those who are attempting to trace back the immigrants to their immediate ancestors - the DNA link suggests the connection between the two lines may be recent enough to be proven by documentation (if only the two lines can be identified).
 

Searching for Matches

Some of the test results in our tables came from outside the project. In particular, knb8f, 9n8r4, and gh2am were discovered by searching for Carpenters at YSEARCH, a public database where test subjects can upload their test results. YSEARCH allows searching either for surnames or for matching haplotypes. In contrast, sm05, sm07, and sm08 were found by searching at the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) web site for genetic matches to members of our project. The SMGF database originally permitted only searching by haplotype. When it became possible to search by surname as well, we discovered six more Carpenters there, sm12-sm17, and also three Zimmermans (sm20-sm22). To facilitate searching SMGF, we have compiled a page of links directly to the search results for all of the haplotypes included in our table of results. Although the SMGF haplotypes are all anonymous, each one is accompanied by a pedigree of four or more generations (but with the post-1900 names and dates blanked out).

Note: since the SMGF project tests some markers not offered by FTDNA and is free, we urge all of our participants to join that project as well. The results are not reported directly back to the DNA donors, but are added to the database, where they can be found readily by looking for matches as described above. Each participant will presumably be able to recognize his own pedigree!
 

Sharing Results

It is difficult to imagine that family historians and genealogists would not want to share their information. Isn't that how we learn more about our CARPENTERS - by sharing? To make progress, you need to know who the participants are so you can collaborate with them. A donor's test result has little meaning by itself. He cannot take his numbers, plug them into some formula, and find his ancestors. The value of the test result depends on how his results compare to other test results. It will not tell him who his ancestor is, but it will indicate with a certain degree of probability how closely he is related to the others.

One way to share the results is to upload them, along with other genealogical information, to the YSEARCH database sponsored by FTDNA. This public database is searchable by surname, by locality, and by haplotype. You can upload the results directly from your personal results page at the FTDNA web site by clicking on the upload box in the Matches tab. You should then add the genealogical details requested on the database entry form, such as earliest known male-line ancestor and place of origin.

NOTE: you can end up with two entries in the YSEARCH database under some circumstances. If that happens to you, simply delete one. If you have lost the password, you can have it emailed to you by clicking on the "Forgot password" button. Of course, that will not work if your address has changed. In that case, you should write to FTDNA and ask for the extra entry to be deleted.
 

Genographic Project

The following members of the Carpenter study have uploaded their results to the Genographic Project and have given permission for their names to be listed here: John L. Carpenter.

Please join our Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project at:

http://www.familytreedna.com/surname_join.asp?code=S82066

Frequently Asked Questions

WHO CAN PARTICIPATE IN THE CARPENTER COUSINS Y-DNA TESTING?

The Y chromosome is limited to males, but females can participate indirectly by sponsoring or recruiting a male relative for the DNA project. Only male Carpenters can participate directly (or males whose surname would be Carpenter except for an adoption or other name change). Male Carpenters from North America, England, France, and indeed anywhere in the English- and French-speaking worlds are strongly encouraged to submit their Y-DNA. We also encourage male Zimmermans anywhere in the English- or German-speaking worlds to join the project. Many German and Swiss immigrants to the US Americanized their surnames by translating them into English, and many Carpenters can therefore expect to match the DNA of Zimmerman[n]s.

Some of the Carpenter name variants are: Carpender, Charpentier, Carpentier, Zimmerman.

There are three main groups of CARPENTERS in the northern part of the United States. These groups began:

1. Rehoboth, MA. Founder: William² Carpenter (from Shalbourne, Wiltshire) born c1605 in England and came to America in 1638 with his wife, four children, and father (William¹). In conventional genealogy, of course, the father would be considered the founder, but genetic genealogy starts with the most recent common male-line ancestor of a Y-DNA linked group, in this case, William².
2. Providence, RI. Founder: William¹ Carpenter (from Amesbury, Wiltshire) born perhaps c1610 in England and came to America c1636 as a single man.
3. Philadelphia, PA. Founder: Samuel¹ Carpenter born 1649 in Horsham, Sussex (England) and came to America with his brothers and sister c1670, living at Barbados for a decade or so before settling in Philadelphia. Samuel's brothers also left issue, and, if their male-line descendants can be included in the testing, the founder of the group as a whole would be the father, John^A Carpenter. However, no candidates from these lines have yet been identified.

All three groups are widely believed to be related. Our project has confirmed that the first two indeed are, but no confirmed member of the Philadelphia group has yet joined the project. We hope some of them will come forward soon.

Carpenter genealogy in the southern United States is more complicated. Some southern lines appear to be related to the northern ones, but others are apparently not connected, and there seem to be more different lines in this area.

Some have claimed, but without proof, that the English Carpenters originally came from France and are related to the French Carpentier (Charpentier) lines. These include the Carpentier lines in Quebec and other French-speaking areas. Our DNA project offers, for the first time, an objective means of testing such claims. We have two members named Charpentier, whose lines go back to France and Louisiana, respectively. For what it's worth, neither one matches anyone else in the project so far.

Please join our Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project at:
http://www.familytreedna.com/surname_join.asp?code=S82066

WHO DOES THE Y-DNA TESTING?

Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), one of the most prominent research firms in this field, has been chosen for the Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project. FTDNA is a Houston-based company founded strictly for genealogical DNA testing and analysis. They work closely with Dr. Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona, a highly respected geneticist who is actively pursuing DNA research.

HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?

Y-DNA-Refine12to25 (upgrade a 12-marker test to 25-marker test) $49

Y-DNA-Refine12to37 (upgrade a 12-marker test to 37-marker test) $99

Y-DNA-Refine12to67 (upgrade a 12-marker test to 67-marker test) $189

Y-DNA-Refine25to37 (upgrade a 25-marker test to 37-marker test) $49

Y-DNA-Refine25to67 (upgrade a 25-marker test to 67-marker test) $148

Y-DNA-Refine37to67 (upgrade a 37-marker test to 67-marker test) $99

It takes a 68-cent stamp to mail the kit back to the lab. Please note SH - Shipping & Handling is $6 outside the United States. Prices subject to change by FTDNA.

 

* The 12-marker test is obviously less expensive, but the 25-marker test gives a better analysis of the relationships among participants in the project. So please indicate that you want the 25-marker test or higher. Some participants may wish to start with or upgrade to 37, or even to the new 67-marker test. However, we have so far found that 25 markers are enough for most situations.

CAN I AFFORD IT?

FTDNA maintains a fund, known as the "general fund," for subsidizing the cost of DNA tests in the Carpenter project, at the discretion of the project administrator. Unfortunately, our general fund is almost empty. If you would like to make a donation, please visit the contribution web page. Note that donations can be made either on line (by credit card or PayPal) or by mail. It is important to specify the "Carpenter Cousins" project in the appropriate place on the form, so that the donation is properly credited. In the on-line form, this place is a box labeled "Item" near the top. In the same box, you may specify how the donation is to be used and/or that it is a memorial.

Some examples:

• "Carpenter Cousins"
• "Carpenter Cousins - For Aloysius G. Carpenter"
• "Carpenter Cousins - For Group 3 research"
• "Carpenter Cousins - In Memory of Jim Carpenter"
• "Carpenter Cousins - Anonymous Donation"
• "Carpenter Cousins - For 2 $25 discounts" (This would be a $50 donation)

http://www.familytreedna.com/contribution.html

Thank you for your help.

WHAT DO THE ADMINISTRATORS GET OUT OF THIS?

We get the satisfaction of doing our part for the advancement of Carpenter research. The administrators and project members are all volunteers.

WHERE IS THE DNA TEST DONE?

The donor takes the DNA sample in the privacy of his own home. The testing kit consists of two small swabs or brushes and two vials of preservative liquid. The donor brushes the inside of his cheek with one of the swabs and then inserts the swab into one of the vials. This is repeated for the second swab. Both vials are mailed to FTDNA using the envelope provided.

WHAT ABOUT CONFIDENTIALITY?

Only the donor and the project administrator/coordinator, and in some cases a donor-sponsor, will know the donor's identity, unless the donor elects to share that information (see Sharing Results above). All DNA test results will be received by the project administrator/coordinator, John R.Carpenter, and posted on this web page by kit number.

A release form is included with the sampler kit that authorizes FTDNA to share your contact information with persons whose DNA matches yours and who have also signed the release form. If you choose not to sign the release form, the contact information is not available to anyone except the project administrator/coordinator.

WHAT IS MY HAPLOGROUP?

Performing extra DNA tests to establish Y haplogroups does not contribute anything to genealogical studies, and we do not recommend that participants order SNP tests. For those who wish to satisfy their natural curiosity, we suggest taking note of the haplogroup assessments offered by FTDNA on the results tab or by Whit Athey's predictor. These assessments are generally very reliable.

Note that haplogroup classification has little value in seeking the place of origin (however you wish to define that) of your paternal line. While each haplogroup has areas where it is especially common now, we have no direct evidence concerning the concentrations in the distant past. Indeed, the present distribution indicates extensive and rather haphazard wandering and mixing of populations. Of course, each haplogroup began with one specific founding individual, but the times and places are rather uncertain. In any case, we must caution participants against using haplogroup assessments (or SNP results) to construct an image of the migration history of their ancestors, since the current ideas about geographic and ethnic associations of haplogroups are highly speculative and subject to drastic change.

Web Links

Please join our Carpenter Cousin Y-DNA Program at:
http://www.familytreedna.com/surname_join.asp?code=S82066

Project administrator/coordinator: _John R.Carpenter.
 

Data

Note: this table reflects the change in nomenclature adopted by FTDNA on 2003 May 19 for the DYS464 complex.

 

Table 1. Carpenter haplotypes
(click on an arrow at the end of a row to see the continuation in Table 2)

DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 1
Christopher	13	24	13	9	11	14	11	12	10	14	11	30	18	9	9	11	12	21	14	20	32	14	16	16	17
5543	13	24	13	9	11	14	11	12	10	14	11	30	18	9	9	11	12	21	14	20	32	14	16	16	17	>
6335	13	24	13	9	11	14	11	12	10	14	11	30	18	9	9	11	12	21	14	20	32	14	16	16	17
10336	13	24	13	9	11	14	11	12	10	14	11	30	18	9	9	11	12	21	14	20	32	14	16	16	17
Group 2 (Providence Carpenters)
William	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
6250	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
9125	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
9350	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
19426	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
24990	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
82457	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	12	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
117231	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
120641	13	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	30	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
(genetically related to Group 2, but not yet connected genealogically)
11339	13	25	16	10	11	15	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
17994	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
78907	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
110194	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
Group 2A (Providence Carpenters - Joseph branch)
Joseph	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
5853	13	24	17	10	11	15	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	14	15	16	>
8847	13	24	17	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
9413	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
15106	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
25758	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
26027	13	24	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
N14886	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
sm07	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
sm43		24	17	10	11	15	12	12	10	13	11	29		9	10		11	24	14	20		12	14	15	16	>
(genetically related to Group 2A, but not yet connected genealogically)
16067	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
28001	13	24	16	10	11	15	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
74166	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
76182	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
sm17	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15			11		24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16	>
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 2 or 3 - not yet properly assigned
63168	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
30352	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	16
119783	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
N32193	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29
Group 3 (Rehoboth Carpenters)
William	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17
5734	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
7615	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
9462	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
12398	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	31	11	14	15	17	>
13251	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
20419	13	25	16	11	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
37035	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	21	32	11	14	17	19	>
48562	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	30	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17
66205	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
78150	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
88543	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
N30841	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	12	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17
sm05	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
sm26	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24		20	32	11	14	15	17	>
sm28	13		16										15	9	10	11	11		14		32	11	14	15	17	>
sm35	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
(genetically related to Group 3, but not yet connected genealogically)
6803	13	24	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	33	11	14	15	17	>
11245	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
17978	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
19915	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
19929	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
21907	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
35833	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
44170	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17	>
46037	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	31	11	14	15	17
52435	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17
107379	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	11	14	15	17
107627	13	25	16	10	11	14	12	12	10	13	11	29	15	9	10	11	11	24	14	20	30	11	14	15	17	>
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d	4 6 4 e	4 6 4 f
ID
Group 4
5983	13	23	14	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	23	16	19	29	12	14	14	15	16	16
9848	13	23	14	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	23	16	19	28	12	14	14	15	16	16
Group 5 (Swiss-American Hans Zimmermann)
Hans	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
6060	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15	>
14756	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	12	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
32283	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
44436	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
73497	14	23	15	10	16	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
sm29	14	23	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15	>
(genetically related to Group 5, but not yet connected genealogically)
17011	14	23	15	10	15	15	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
53199	14	23	15	10	15	15	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	27	11	14	14	15
124510	14	23	15	10	15	15	11	13	11	13	12	30	15	8	9	11	11	24	14	20	28	11	14	14	15
Group 6 (Virginia/Ohio Carpenters)
William	15	24	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	14	12	30	16	8	9	11	11	26	15	20	28	11	11	14	15
11230	15	24	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	14	12	30	16	8	9	11	11	26	15	20	28	11	11	14	15	>
11417	15	24	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	14	12	30	16	8	9	11	11	26	15	20	28	11	11	14	15	>
48346	15	24	15	10	15	16	11	13	11	14	12	30	16	8	9	11	11	26	15	20	28	11	11	14	15
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 7
?gp7	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
7252	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
15771	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
16270	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
17455	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18	>
19846	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
20393	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
22184	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
23381	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18	>
29850	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
34207	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
45818	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
65283	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
73211	13	23	14	11	11	11	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
88262	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18	>
88302	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18	>
94860	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
101556	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
105588	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	17
115325	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	29	15	16	16	18
knb8f	13	23	14	11	11	14			11	13	13	29							15							>
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 8 (Tidewater Virginia Carpenters)
?gp8	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
8026	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
17908	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
22317	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
23654	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
27552	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
31266	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
31891	14	26	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
33253	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	33	12	15	15	16
33350	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
77371	14	26	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16
98270	14	25	15	10	11	14	12	12	10	14	11	31	15	8	10	11	11	24	14	20	32	12	15	15	16	>
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 9 (Bern Swiss-American Zimmerman Line)
John	13		14	10	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	24	15	19	29	15	15	17	17
16675	13	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	24	15	19	29	15	15	17	17
16807	13	25	14	10	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	24	15	19	29	15	15	17	17	>
Group 10 (Shoemaker-Carpenter Line)
4823	13	23	14	11	11	12	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	17	18	>
17590	13	23	14	11	11	12	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	16	17	>
22681	13	23	14	11	11	12	12	12	12	13	13	29
9n8r4	13	23	14	11	11	12	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	17	18
sm08	13	23	14	11	11	12	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	17	18	>
Group 11 (More Swiss Zimmerman/Carpenters)
George	13	23	17	10	12	12	11	13		14	11	28		8	10	11	12	25	14	21	28	11	14	14	14
21795	13	23	17	10	12	12	11	13	14	14	11	28	16	8	10	11	12	25	14	21	28	14	14	14	14
22527	13	23	17	10	12	12	11	13	14	14	11	28	16	8	10	11	12	25	14	21	28	14	14	14	14
65320	13	23	17	10	12	12	11	13	13	14	11	28	17	8	10	11	12	25	14	21	28	11	14	14	14
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 12
Martin	13	22	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	18	29	15	16	17	18
20085	13	22	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	18	29	15	16	17	18
sm12	13	22	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	18	29	15	16	17	18	>
Group 13
Lee	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	18	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	16	16
38395	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	18	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	16	16
50309	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	18	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	16	16	16
Group 14 Zimmerman
80194	13	24	14	11	11	17	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	19	30	14	15	17	17
N8963	13	24	14	11	11	17	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	19	30	14	15	17	17	>
N25640	13	24	14	11	11	17	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	19	30	14	15	17	17	>
Group 15 (Southside Virginia [and other] Carpenters)
6583	13	24	14	11	12	13	12	12	11	13	14	29	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	31	16	16	16	17
57112	13	24	14	11	12	13	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	31	16	16	16	17
75287	13	24	14	11	12	13	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	31	16	16	16	17	>
77358	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	31	16	16	16	17
N41992	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	32	16	16	16	17
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 16 (South Carolina Carpenters)
21005	13	23	14	10	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	18	>
78860	13	23	14	10	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	18	>
Group 17 (French/German lines)
47565	13	22	15	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28
81027	13	22	15	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	23	16	20	29	12	14	15	16	>
N10857	13	22	15	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	23	16	20	29	12	14	15	16	>
N39254	13	22	15	10	14	14	11	14	12	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	23	16	20	29	12	14	15	16
Group 18 (Vermont Carpenters)
John	14	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	23	15	19	30	15	15	17	18
17746	14	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	23	15	19	30	15	15	17	18
94392	14	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	23	15	19	30	15	15	17	18	>
DYS Locus:	3 9 3	3 9 0	1 9	3 9 1	3 8 5 a	3 8 5 b	4 2 6	3 8 8	4 3 9	3 8 9 i	3 9 2	3 8 9 ii	4 5 8	4 5 9 a	4 5 9 b	4 5 5	4 5 4	4 4 7	4 3 7	4 4 8	4 4 9	4 6 4 a	4 6 4 b	4 6 4 c	4 6 4 d
ID
Group 98 (random near-matches)
modal	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	17	>
5926	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	18	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	17
20834	13	23	14	13	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	24	16	19	29	15	16	17	18
23983	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	13	12	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	26	15	18	29	15	15	16	17
24583	13	23	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	14	13	30	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	19	29	14	15	16	17
28408	13	24	14	12	11	14	12	12	12	14	13	30	18	9	10	11	11	26	14	18	29	15	15	16	16
31366	14	24	14	10	11	15	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	17	>
32189	13	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	30	16	9	9	11	11	25	15	19	30	16	16	17	17	>
37808	13	24	13	10	11	14	12	12	13	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	19	29	15	15	17	17	>
38903	13	25	15	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	28	19	9	10	11	11	27	15	17	30	15	15	15	17	>
40827	13	24	14	10	14	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	16	7	10	11	12	26	15	19	29	14	15	17	17	>
42792	13	23	14	11	12	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	24	15	20	27	15	16	16	17	>
45428	13	24	14	11	11	15	13	12	11	13	13	29	18	8	10	11	11	25	15	19	28	15	15	17	18	>
46106	13	22	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	14	13	30	18	9	9	11	11	25	14	18	29	15	15	17	17
52817	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	11	13	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	25	16	19	28	15	15	17	17
53020	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	24	15	20	30	15	15	17	17
57463	12	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	15	9	10	10	11	25	15	19	31	15	15	17	17
62650	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	26	15	19	29	15	15	16	17
62851	13	24	14	11	14	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	26	15	19	30	15	15	17	18	>
66183	13	24	15	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	12	15	17	17
76861	12	24	14	12	11	12	12	12	13	13	13	29
77383	13	24	14	11	10	14	12	13	10	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	25	14	18	29	15	15	16	17	>
80946	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	14	13	13	29	16	9	9	11	11	25	15	20	28	15	15	17	18	>
82464	13	23	14	10	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	10	11	11	24	15	15	29	15	15	15	15	>
100444	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	11	13	14	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	18	29	15	16	17	17	>
100728	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	12	13	28	16	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	30	15	15	17	17
111433	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	26	15	19	31	15	15	17	17
115770	13	24	14	11	11	13	12	12	11	13	13	28	17	9	10	11	11	25	16	19	28	15	15	17	17
115919	13	25	14	10	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	14	15	17	17
117042	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	11	13	13	30	17	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	30	15	15	15	17
118809	13	25	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	16	9	9	11	11	24	15	19	29	14	15	17	17
129573	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	18	9	10	11	11	25	15	19	29	15	15	17	18	>
N12773	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	12	13	29
N33351	13	25	14	10	11	14	12	12	13	14	13	32	17	9	9	11	11	27	16	19	30	15	15	17	17	>
N49783	13	24	14	10	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	19	9	10	11	11	25	14	19	29	15	15	16	17
sm13	13	24	14	11	11	15	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	9	11	11	25	14	18	29	15	15	17	17	>
sm14	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	26	15	19	30	15	15	16	18	>
sm15	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29	17	9	10	11	11	26	15	19	30	15	15	16	18