Name Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Type Hardwood.
Other Names Also known as sugarberry, nettle tree, bastard elm, hoop ash and hacktree.
Sources Grows in eastern half of United States and southern Canada.
Appearance Straight or sometimes interlocked grain and fairly uniform texture. Yellowish gray to light brown heartwood and pale to greenish yellow sapwood.
Physical Props Soft and moderately heavy with low strength, stiffness, shock resistance and decay resistance. Medium movement in service.
Working Props Works easily with machine or sharp hand tools. Good carving wood. Pre-drilling recommended for screwing or nailing. Glues, stains and finishes well - natural finishes especially.
Uses Resembles ash and elm and has similar uses, such as: crates, farm implements, carving, athletic goods, millwork, and interior cabinetry.

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Name Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
Type Softwood.
Other Names Also known as hemlock, Canadian hemlock and hemlock spruce.
Sources APPEARANCE: Uneven, frequently spiral grained with medium to coarse texture.
Appearance Uneven, frequently spiral grained with medium to coarse texture. Buff to light brown color, heartwood indistinguishable from sapwood.
Physical Props Light and soft with low ratings for stiffness, bending and compression strength, shock resistance, and decay resistance.
Working Props Works reasonably well with machine or hand tools although it is brittle. Glues satisfactorily. Pre-drilling recommended to prevent splitting when screwing or nailing. Accepts paint, stains, varnishes, and polishes well.
Uses Used mainly for building construction, as well as boxes, crates, pallets, casks, shingles, siding, and pulpwood.

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Name Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
Type Softwood.
Other Names Also known as hemlock and Pacific hemlock.
Sources Grows in western United States and Canada.
Appearance Straight and even grained with a fine to medium texture. Whitish to light yellowish brown color, heartwood not distinct.
Physical Props Light and soft with moderate stiffness, bending strength, compression strength, and steam bending, low shock resistance and decay resistance. Good dimensional stability.
Working Props Works easily with machine or hand tools (slightly better than eastern hemlock). Accepts paint, stains, varnishes, and polishes well. Glues quite easily. Pre-drilling recommended for screwing and nailing (but less apt to split than eastern hemlock).
Uses Used mainly for building construction. Also used for interior and exterior joinery, doors, flooring, vehicle bodywork, turnery, broom handles, boxes, crates, pallets, cooperage, furniture, ladders, plwood, paneling, veneer, and pulpwood.

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