Sean Engler

Taylor Bird




The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792)
Marie Antoinette-She was the Queen of France. She was married to King Louis XIV of France.
Cardinal Fleury (1653-1743)- André-Hercule de Fleury (1653 - 1743) was tutor to the young King Louis XV. He was made a cardinal in 1726 and became in effect Prime Minister of France.
financial and administrative problems- King Louis and the country of France were facing economic ruin.
Demands of the Nobility- The nobles demanded royal appointments.
Identify "Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781)- Turgot a busy administrator, his intellectual interests were wide-ranging, and most of his spare time was spent in reading and writing, not in economics, but in history, literature, philology, and the natural sciences.
Identify "Jacques Necker" (1732-1804)- Jacques Necker started off as a clerk in a Swiss bank of Issac Vernet at the age of 15 and worked his way to the top quickly. In 1750, Necker moved to bank's Paris branch and, by 1762, was made a partner.
Explain Louis Reign- King Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt. Wars like the Seven Years war and the American Revolution strained the treasury even further.
The Estates General (1788)
First Estate- The First Estate was dominated by bishops and archbishops from the noble ranks. They were generally wealthy and exempt from taxes. They owned 10% of the land.
Second Estate-The Second Estate was exempt from direct taxes. They owned 20% of the land.
Bourgeoisie-The middle class was better off than the peasants, but more discontented. They wanted fairer tax distribution and a share of the political power. They resented the nobles.
Proletariat- The urban workers were powerful in Paris, but they were a relatively small group.
Third Estate-The third estate made up about 98% of the population. It consisted of all the normal people of the society, the working class.
Peasant life in France- Peasant life was harsh in the old regime. This was part of the reason and cause for the revolution.
gabelle- A gabelle is a tax that is imposed on items that are sold to the public. The tax began in France before 1790 and was mainly used on salt.
corvee- Many peasants owed frees and services that dated to medieval times, such as the corevee, unpaid labor to repair things like bridges and roads.
The Middle Class- The people of the middle class where the equivalent of the third estate. They were normal people, not rich, nor where they poor.
Urban workers- They were powerful in France but they were a relatively small group.
King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788)
Identify "Elections for the Estates General"- Traditionally each estate had met separately and voted as a group.
Identify "Demands on the Monarchy"- There were people that wanted monarchy and there were also people that did not want monarchy. The estates general had to decide on the issue and come up with a solution.
Voting By Order- There was worry that when voting chaos would break out and the vote could never be accurate. To prevent this, a system was created to keep order in the meeting and to make sure that the voting was fair and legitimate.
The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789)
Identify "The Tennis Court Oath"- The tennis court oath was a vow made by the workers to not disband until they had drawn up a constitution for France.
Identify "Louis XVI Versus the National Assembly"- The national assembly had the reform minded clergy on their side, King Louis XVI had to accept it.
A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789)
Describe what happened- Insurgents invaded the Hôtel des Invalides to gather arms, and then attacked the Bastille. At this point, the jail was nearly empty, housing only seven inmates: four forgers, two "lunatics" and one "deviant" aristocrat, the Comte de Solages. The attackers were mainly seeking to acquire the large quantities of arms and ammunition stored there - on the 14th there were over 13,600 kg (30,000 lb) of gunpowder stored at the Bastille.
Jacques Necker's restoration- He proposed taxing the first and second estates, however, the nobles and high clergy forced the king to dismiss the would-be reformer.
Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)- He was chosen as the president of the National Assembly. He lost favor with the popular elements that pushed the French Revolution onward.
Marquis de Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834)- He was a French soldier who later became a general in the American Revolution. He later won many diplomas and awards for his efforts in the American Revolution.
How did the revolt affect most aristocrats?- Afterwards, most of the Aristocrats lived in a somewhat state of fear. Because of this they eased up on the people for their own sake.
The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789)
Describe- Due to wild rumors that the lords' brigades would appear, great fear swept the nation. The people hid in caves in the forests.
Effects- People, because of the Great fear, ran and panicked. They formed their own brigades and stormed the lords' castles and killed them. Women, because of a bread tax increase stormed the royal family.
The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)
Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man- It is a document that declared all men are born equal and free. It stated the rights to freedom of speech and religion.
Declaration of the Rights of Women- Women also wanted equal rights. So they created a document similar to the declaration of the rights of man, called the Declaration of the rights of women.
Mob Action (1789)- Later on people wanted to make sure that they got their rights. Because of it, they formed mobs and stormed lords' manors and killed them
Political Clubs- People with different political views formed clubs called Political Clubs. Each club had its own way of doing things.
The Jacobins- They were the most radical of all the political clubs. Their main goal was to removed the king from power and start a republic.
The Cordeliers- They were a revolutionary political club. The Cordeliers were instrumental in the fall of the Girondists.
The Feuillants- The Feuillants were a conservative club. They got their name because they had their meetings inside Feillant Monestary.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy(1789)- The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was made in 1789.
The National Assembly enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)
Necker's resignation- He resigned because he proposed a tax on the first and second estates. The proposal did not go over big.
Mirabeau- A well known merchant of the time period.
Mirabeau's death (1791)- Mirabeau's death lead to the end of trade in the city.
Louis XVI and family flee but captured- He tried to flee with his family. He did not make it successfully, he was captured.
Louis accepts New Constitution (Sept. 14, 1791)- King Louis accepted the new constitution on Sept. 14, 1791.
Other reforms of the National Assembly (1791)
abolished titles of nobility- The titles of nobility contained many privileges of wealth. They were known for taxing the peasents.
reorganized local government- One reform that the National Assembly made was the reorganization of the local governments. They reorganized all of the local governments.
laissez faire principals- They were principles of the economy that made sure the government had nothing to do with the economy. Most people agreed with this.
Legislative Assembly convenes (1791-92)
Conservatives- They favored traditional values and ideas. Tending to oppose change, a group of people that at the time wanted a monarchy.
Moderates (centrists)- People that did not believe in fate.
Girondists- A high powered Jude that helped the king.
Mountain- A mountain is a volcano that no longer erupts.
Intervention of Foreign Powers (1791-92)- France had meetings with other countries to try and figure out how they should run their own country.
Austria-Prussia Alliance- Australia allied with France for independence.
France's Legislative Assembly declares war (April 20, 1792)- France declared war on April 20th, 1792.
The Legislative Assembly deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the election of the National Convention (1792)
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity- These are three very important things to have in a government.
Radical Takeover- The French took over most of Europe leaving them in the highest position of power.
Robespierre- A nobleman that spread the beliefs of the king.
Danton- A rich farm owner that contributed to Henry's beliefs.
Marat- A person lower than a peasant in the social ranking.
sans-culottes- A religious group or cult in France.
King Louis XVI is executed (1793)- The new National Convention met on September 1792. The first thing on the agenda was to end the monarchy in France and declare France a republic. On the 17th of January , the National Convention voted King Louis XVI to die. His wife, Marie Antoinette, was also sent to the guillotine, except her execution was later in the year.
The Reign of Terror begins (1793)
committee of public safety- A committee that wanted to expand the public's safety.
Jacobins- Mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals.
Republic of virtue- A republic of virtue at that time, the disbelief in the church.
Justification of extreme violence- People started fighting all the time because of the King's execution.
revolutionary tribunal- It was a funeral for King Henry and everyone was invited.
How many dead?- Millions upon millions of people were killed during the Reign of Terror.
The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792)
The War of the First Coalition is fought (1792-1797)- The first battle of the coalition is fought.
lev'ee en masse- A hard working monarch that wanted freedom from France.
coalition- a group of people that try and overthrow a government.
French military victories- The French won many victories during this time period due to a strong army.
Treaty of Basel- This was a treaty that benefited the peasants. It made it possible for the peasants to get jobs.
The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)
Thermidor- The ninth Thermidorean was the Thermidor before the 10th.
guillotine- A device which was used to cut off someones head. The victim would lay his head under a blade which would then drop and cut off the head.
The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795)
Who controlled it?- The king and queen of France controlled it.
How was it controlled?- It was controlled by the king and queen of France.
Council of Elders- A group of elders that formed a council for the National Convention, in witch the Constitution was drafted.
Dissolving of the National Convention- The national convention was dissolved. This made it much lest important.
The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799)
financial crisis- During the war there were many financial crises. Sometimes there were not enough guns, and sometimes there was not enough money.
corruption- The corruption mostly happened in the midst's of the citizens. They didn't want things to happen so they caused corruption.
exhaustion- After walking thirty miles a day, the men were extremely tired. They were even more tired when they had to walk and fight battles during the same day.
army- The army fought as best as it could. Many men joined, fought in the army, and then died.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Time Line

Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821)

Birth and Childhood – August 15, 1769, Napoleon Bonaparte was born on Corsica, a French-ruled island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. He was born into a family of nobles who did not have a lot of money. He traveled to France to get ready for life in the military when he was only nine years old.

Physical Stature (Napoleonic Complex) – Napoleon was physically shorter than most. However, he had a strong mind and strong will that allowed him to move up the ranks in the army an ultimately become the ruler of France. This is known as the Napoleonic Complex.

Marriage and Political Significance – Napoleon married Marie Joséphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie on March 8, 1798. The marriage occurred at the early part of Bonaparte's Italy Campaign.

Early Military Successes (1796)

Napoleon's Army Defeats the Austrians in Northern Italy (1797) – After getting married, Napoleon left with his army towards Italy where he trained his army. A year later, he marched all throughout Northern Italy, defeating the Austrians and making Italy part of his empire.

Treaty of Campo Formio – The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed in October of 1797. It was a peace treaty that approved and ended Napoleon's campaign in Italy. Under the treaty, some of the provinces in Northern Italy remained property of Austria, while the others became part of France's empire.

1798-1799 French Extend Their Control – Napoleon became political leader in 1799. Afterwards, he got rid of the Directory and created the Consulate, a three-man governing board.

Napoleon Fights His Egyptian Campaign (1798-1799)

Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt and Why – In 1798, Napoleon traveled to Egypt to conquer it. Historians do not know the true reason he tried this, but their guess is that he was trying to get rid of trading ties between England and India.

Rosetta Stone Discovery – The true victory to Napoleon's campaign in Egypt was the new knowledge obtained by the artists and historians. The biggest discover was the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that showed how to translate ancient hieroglyphs.

Battle of the Pyramids – In the Battle of the Pyramids, which was part of Bonaparte's campaign in Egypt, Napoleon and 25,000 men fought against two native Egyptian tribes. The battle was significantly won by the French army, who only lost 300 men. The native tribes, however, lost over 5,000 men.

Lord Horatio Nelson's Role (1758-1805) – In 1798, Lord Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of the Nile. He then demanded a land trade route between Great Britain and Europe.

Battle of the Nile – In the Battle of the Nile, which was at the end of Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, the France army was completely decimated by Lord Horatio Nelson's fleet. The French lost 1,700 men and only two French ships escaped from battle. This ended Napoleon's Egypt campaign.

War of the Second Coalition Is Fought (1798-1801)

Describe the War and Its Participants – The Second Coalition, made up of Turkey, England, Austria, and Russia, was an alliance against Napoleon Bonaparte's French empire. The war consisted of the Second Coalition driving France out of areas that they had previously conquered.

Alliance Against France – The alliance against France was the Second Coalition. Turkey, England, Austria, and Russia (T.E.A.R. for short) were the members of the coalition and tried to end Napoleon's empire during the War of the Second Coalition.

Napoleon's Defeat of the Second Coalition – Because the armies of the Second Coalition paled in comparison to that of France, Napoleon was able to sweep across Europe and win many battles. After defeating the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo in 1799, France went into Hohenlinden, Holland in 1800 and defeated England.

Treaty of Luneville – After being defeated in Marengo and Hohenlinden, Austria and France sat down to make a peace treaty. The Treat of Luneville, signed on February 9, 1801, forced France to allow the King of Naples become king once again, as well as pay for the items that the Rhine princesses had lost. Austria was forced to reconfirm the Treaty of Campo Formio.

Treaty of Amiens (1802) – With the Treaty of Amiens, signed on March 25, 1802, the war between France under Napoleon and England had ended. France allowed Britain to keep most of the areas they had conquered during the Second Coalition.

Napoleon Bonaparte Seizes Power and Becomes First Consul (1799)

How does he come to power? – Napoleon's first step to becoming First Consul occurred in 1799, when he helped to get rid of the Director to set up the Consulate. Napoleon took quickly took the job of First Consul.

The Constitution of 1799 – After becoming First Consul, Napoleon issued a new constitution. This constitution set out the new rules that would later become the basis of Napoleon's great empire, as well as appointing people to the jobs in the government.

Consulate – The Consulate was a three-man governing board consisting of the First Consul (Napoleon), the Second Consul, and the Third Consul. It was originally created to be an oligarchy, but Bonaparte outsmarted everyone and used the Consulate to become dictator of France.

The Concordat of 1801 Establishes a Reconciliation Between France and the Papacy (1801)

What did it do? – The Concordat of 1801 was an contract between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. It recreated the French Roman Catholic Church and specified how the members of the Clergy would be in relation with the government. It kept tabs on the Church without taking freedoms away from Catholics.

Pope Pius VII (1800-1823) – Pope Pius VII was the representative of the Clergy who signed Napoleon's Concordat of 1801. He was originally forced out of office by Napoleon, but the Concordat restored his power.

Civil Constitution of Clergy – The Civil Constitution of the Clergy put the Church under the government's power. Members of the Clergy were forced to swear oath to a new constitution and were executed if they refused.

Napoleon Becomes First Consul for Life (1802)

The Napoleonic Empire / Map (1804)

Hereditary Emperor – In 1802, Napoleon had gained enough power to name himself hereditary emperor. He then put his family and friends in charge of the nations that he had conquered.

Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824) – Eugene de Beauharnais was the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1804, Napoleon made him a general in his army, as well as prince and emperor of the Viceroy of Italy.

Napoleon's Divorce (1809) – Because his wife, Marie Joséphine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, could not bore him any heirs to the throne, Napoleon felt he should divorce her. Josephine was happy for the divorce, as she had fallen out of love with Napoleon anyway.

Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847) – Napoleon remarried in 1810 to Archduchess Marie Louise. She became second empress and bore one child, Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte. He became known as Napoleon II of France, even though the France empire collapsed before he could lead it.

Napoleonic Administration – The Napoleonic was made up of Bonaparte's friends and family, as well as himself and other members of the French government. After becoming empire in 1802, Napoleon put one of his family members or friends in charge of an area that France had conquered.

Financial Reforms – Napoleon's plan to bring back success to France was by modernizing finance. He made changes such as controlling prices, encouraging new industries, and building roads and canals. He also created a new system of public schools that were placed under the government.

Centralized Government – Napoleon divided his government into departments in order to centralize it. Each department was led by a prefect appointed by Bonaparte himself.

Napoleonic Code 1807 (Into Effect 1804) – The Napoleonic Code was Napoleon's structure of laws that were enforced in every region of the French empire. The code promoted Enlightenment ideas and made every male equal before the law. However, many of the changes that came about from the French Revolution were taken away.

Educational Reform/University of France (1806) – Because Napoleon regarded education as an important issue, he set up a new public school system. In 1806, the University of France was created that put education under strict control of the French government.

Napoleonic Wars (1805-1815)

War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807) – Britain, Austria, and Russia once again joined forces and created the Third Coalition. Once again, Napoleon took out all three countries one by one, and ended the coalition in 1805.

British Naval Victory at Trafalgar – England's powerful naval fleet was too strong for France's. Napoleon planned to invade England. However, the Third Coalition as well as Britain's strong navy forced Napoleon to turn back.

French Victories on Land – After losing at Trafalgar, Napoleon went on the win several victories on land. The first was the Battle of Austerlitz, where Napoleon tricked the Third Coalition into destroying itself. In the next few years, Napoleon won the Peninsular War and the Austrian War of 1809.

Treaty of Pressburg – On December 26, 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg was signed between France and Austria. Austria was forced to give up all the land it had conquered in the Venetian territory to Napoleon.

Napoleon Creates the Confederation of the Rhine and Abolishes the Holy Roman Empire (1806)

Describe what it did. – The Confederation of the Rhine completely eliminated the Holy Roman Empire. The confederation consisted of thirty-eight members that were under the protection of France.

Treaties of Tilsit – In July of 1807, the Treaties of Tilsit were signed between Napoleon and the town of Tilsit. The treaties ended the war between France and Russia. Each country also promised to help each other against their enemies.

Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) – Alexander I was Tsar of Russia when the first Treaty of Tilsit were signed between France and Russia. He promised to use Russia to help out France against England.

King Frederick William III (1797-1840) – Frederick William III was the king of Prussia when the second Treaty of Tilsit was signed between France and Prussia. Prussia promised to aid France against England with the signing of this treaty.

Napoleon's Brothers Kings – After creating the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon made three of his brothers kings of different countries. Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain, Louis Bonaparte became king of Holland, and Jerome Bonaparte became king of Westphalia.

Joseph (1768-1844) – Joseph Bonaparte was Napoleon's oldest brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Joseph the king of Spain and Naples.

Louis (1778-1846) – Louis Bonaparte was Napoleon's younger brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Louis the king of Holland.

Jerome (1784-1860) – Jerome Bonaparte was Napoleon's younger brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Jerome the king of Westphalia.

Napoleon Establishes the Continental System (1806)

Describe what it did. – The Continental System closed the ports of Europe in order to prevent Britain from receiving or exporting goods. In response to this, England created its own blockade of European ports.

Berlin Decree of 1806 – After England put a blockade on ports in Europe, Napoleon responded with the Berlin Decree. This decree put a blockade on the British Isles, preventing them from receiving or exporting any goods.

Milan Decree 1807 – Napoleon signed the Milan Decree in December of 1807. It gave French ships the right to arrest any British ships leavings or traveling to the ports in the British Isles.

The Peninsular War – Lasting from 1807 to 1814, the Peninsular War was the first step to the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte's empire. The war started when Napoleon tried to trick Spain in order to attack Portugal. It ended up being a long and bloody seven year war between France, Britain, Spain, and Portugal.

Sir Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) – Sir Arthur Wellesley was a future Duke of Wellington. Before that, he led in a British army to help Spain fight France during the Peninsular War.

Conflict on Other Fronts (1808-1810)

Austria – In 1809, Napoleon extended the borderlines of his French Army. He took his army to Austria and conquered it by defeating the Hapsburg Empire.

Battle of Wagram (July 1809) – The Battle of Wagram began after Napoleon's army reached Vienna. The battle lasted for two days and unfortunately ended up as unsuccessful for Napoleon.

Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 1809) – The Treaty of Schonbrunn was a peace treaty between France and Austria. This treaty forced Austria to give up much of its land, people, and ports.

Plans to Restore the French Empire in America (1803) – After realizing his empire had been reaching its downfall, Napoleon tried to set up the French Empire in America. He took over the Louisiana Territory, but eventually gave it up to the United States government.

Louisiana Territory (1803) – After the Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed, Napoleon had gained an area in America ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. In 1803, he sold this land to the United States, doubling America's size.

War of 1812

Describe the Happenings of the War – The War of 1812 was an attempt by the United States of America to seize Canada. Britain aided Canada and France aided the United States. The two year war ended in a tie, as America had not been able to capture Canada.

Napoleon Fights His Unsuccessful Russian Campaign (1812)

Invasion of Russia – After Alexander I of Russia resigned from the Continental System in 1812, Napoleon wanted revenge. He took 600,000 soldiers from his entire empire and invaded Russia.

Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay (1761-1818) – Prince Mikhail became Russian minister of war in 1810. He led an army against Napoleon during Bonaparte's Campaign in Russia.

Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov – Mikhail Kutuzov was a prince of Russia. He defeated Napoleon's army in the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, pursuing the French soldiers out of Russia and into Poland and Prussia.

Battle of Borodino – Napoleon arrived in Russia with fewer guns than the Russian army. Political adviser Marshal Davout advised that Napoleon should turn back to get more weapons, but Napoleon wouldn't listen. He marched right into the Battle of Borodino and lost 33,000 men.

Grand Army Entered Moscow – In September of 1812, Napoleon finally reached Moscow. However, he found the land scorched and empty of supplies that could be used for his armies.

French Retreat (Oct 19, 1812) –The Russian army had cleverly moved eastward from Moscow and burned all the crops of the villages along the way, Napoleon's army didn't have any supplies available for them. Because Napoleon would be unable to feed and supply his army for the winter, he was forced to turn back and retreat.

Russia, Prussia, and Austria Defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations (1813)

Battle of the Nations – After Napoleon lost his Russia campaign, Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia formed an alliance against France. They defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, leading to his downfall.

Napoleon Abdicates and Goes Into Exile on the Island of Elba (1814)

Describe Napoleon's exile. – After being defeated at the Battle of Nations, Napoleon was forced to exile to the island of Elba. Napoleon was able to escape from his exile and returned to France.

Louis XVIII (1814-1824) – After Napoleon was defeated, Louis XVIII became the leader of France. He fled from his post after Napoleon escaped from exile and cornered in on France.

Napoleon Returns to Power, Beginning the Hundred Days (1815)

Describe the 100 Days – The 100 Days was the point in time where Napoleon Bonaparte had regained his control of France. This time only lasted for 100 days because Napoleon's enemies rejoined forces and defeated him at Waterloo.

Napoleon is Defeated at Waterloo (1815)

Describe the Battle of Waterloo. – In the Battle of Waterloo, the forces that had defeated Napoleon the first time around bound together and defeated him again. Napoleon was forced back into exile, this time on the South Atlantic island of St. Helena.

Duke of Wellington – The Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army led England into the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon. They helped destroy the French army in a bloody, day-long battle.

Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819) – General Blucher, a Prussian army commander, helped lead the British army in the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon. He helped destroy the French army in that battle.

Napoleon Dies on Saint Helena (1821)