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John Mack Bridge

John_Mack_Bridge.jpg (26726 bytes)

Introduction

Five thousand persons gathered on each side of the Big Arkansas on July 22, 1931. It was to be a big day for Wichita. The southern gateway to the city, the John Mack Bridge, was being formally dedicated. It would eliminate the old South Lawrence Bridge with its flimsy wooden flooring and dangerous sharp curves.

The Wichita Beacon of the next day reported:

John Mack Bridge, monument to the man who was principally responsible for its building and to all builders of highways, was formally opened to the citizens of Wichita and Kansas Wednesday night with a gala celebration that included a band concert, dancing, singing and a dedicatory address.

The stands for speakers and guests of honor, and for the band, were set up in the center of the 800 foot bridge, and the several thousand citizens who gathered packed the 30 foot roadway and its flanking sidewalks.

Still other thousands would have been present except for the jam of cars along the South Lawrence road which prevented any of the later comers from parking within a mile or more of the site unless he were willing to pay for the privilege of parking in the nearby vacant fields, all of which had "25 cent parking" signs.

The speaking program was preceded by a concert by the South Side Booster Band at 7:30 p.m. and was followed by dancing on the bridge to the music of Bob and Laura Collins and their orchestra from Shadowland, which was closed for the occasion. Dancing continued until a late hour, when the barriers were removed and the first cars were allowed to pass over the new span.

Nearly 60 years later, in June 1990, the City of Wichita selected the firm of Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff to prepare plans and specifications for improving the Broadway crossing at the Big Arkansas River. Their recommendation was that the John Mack Bridge be "replaced with a conventional, prestressed concrete beam structure with a reinforced concrete deck slab."

Sixty Years of Service

At this time, the John Mack Bridge has served faithfully for over  six decades. It is a familiar landmark, loved by the citizens of Wichita and used daily by thousands of vehicles.

In the 1930s, it carried displaced victims of the depression on their exit from the city, and it greeted the homeless and jobless who came to Wichita to escape the dust bowl of the farming communities.

Lawrence Avenue was widened to four lanes, and the John Mack Bridge became immediately and forever a bottleneck to traffic flow. It carried the traffic of U.S. Highway 81, the main north-south trafficway of the area.

As Wichita grew and wished to change its image Lawrence Avenue was renamed Broadway, the reasoning for the change being that large metrolpolitan areas usually had a "Broadway." Then the city set its sights on beautification. On Dec. 22, 1934, the Wichita Eagle reported:

The approach to the John Mack bridge, one of the prideful constructions leading into Wichita, is to be beautified.

Bids have been asked by the state on this project which is designed to have trees, grass, shrubs, and flowers growing on the south approaches of the bridge to screen unsightly dumps and "fill-in" projects designed to reclaim land from the bed of the Arkansas river.

From the south end of the bridge to a point .151 of a mile distant, the roadsides are to be planted with plants that not only will reinforce the grade on which the roadway is built but which will make a lovely vista for the motorist approaching Wichita from the south.

After Pearl Harbor, in the decade of the 1940s, thousands of workers crossed the bridge night and day to reach the defense plants which were operating around the clock south of the city. The character of Broadway started to change as many of the large single residences were divided up into boarding houses and apartments to accommodate the onslaught of workers. The area north of the bridge to Pawnee Avenue was often the site of traveling carnival type shows.

After World War II, Wichita grew and expanded to the suburbs. Old U.S. 81 highway was no longer adequate, and the new Kansas Turnpike was routed from Oklahoma through Wichita to Kansas City. After the completion of the I-235 bypass and later the I-35 canal route, Broadway lost its designation as a federal highway, and the John Mack Bridge became just another bridge over the Arkansas River, necessary and useful, but utilized mainly by local traffic.

Awarding of the Contract

The decision was made in 1929 to replace the old, dangerous South Lawrence Bridge with its wooden planks and hazardous curves. On Nov. 7, the Tomlinson Bridge & Supply Company of Garfield, Kansas, made the low bid of $153,000 for constructing a concrete bridge and $203,000 for a steel bridge. This company had just recently completed a bridge midway between Wichita and Hutchinson and was, at the time, building a bridge over the Big Arkansas at Larned. Five companies, three of them located in Iowa and two in Kansas, bid on the project. No Wichita firms submitted bids.

On Nov. 20, 1929, the state highway commission in Topeka approved the contract award for the construction of a concrete arch span, later to be known as the John Mack Bridge. It was announced that the work would take the greater part of a year and would be commenced as soon as the materials could be obtained. The plan also called for the straightening of Lawrence road, cutting out the turns which added to the danger of the traffic over that highway. The contract price was $153,525.87.

James Marsh and His Rainbow Bridges

The man behind this historically unique bridge was described by the Kansas Preservation, September-October, 1980, the newsletter of the Preservation Department of the Kansas State Historical Society.

James Barney Marsh was born in 1856 at North Lake, Wisconsin. He went to Iowa at the age of 18 to enter preparatory school at Fredericksburg and graduated in 1882 from Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts in Ames with a B.M.E. degree. In March 1883, he began his professional career in the Des Moines office of the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio, one of the largest bridge companies in the country at that time. It is interesting to note that one of the King patents was a metal bowstring truss. There are several similarities between this design and Marsh's rainbow arch. While with King, Marsh was involved in the design, sales, and actual erection of metal bridges.

Although he continued to work with the King company, he also became head of the Northern Agency for the Kansas City Bridge and Iron Company. In that capacity he both designed and superintended the construction work done by the company. By March 1889, Marsh had become general western agent and contracting engineer for the King Bridge Company and was placed in charge of the general western office in Des Moines.

In the spring of 1896 he formed his own company, the Marsh Bridge Company. In private practice as a contracting engineer, Marsh was able to more fully develop his own designs. He also constructed the designs he developed, usually using steel as a medium. At the turn of the century, he initiated the use of both concrete and steel in his bridge design. In April 1904, the Marsh Bridge Company was incorporated as the Marsh Engineering Company.

The John Mack Bridge is of the distinctive Marsh Arch design built in the early 1900s. A letter from Eric DeLony, Chief & Principal Architect of the Historic American Engineering Record, United States Department of the Interior, dated April 18, 1991, stated:

The Marsh Arch represents an important and distinctive bridge type for the developmental period of reinforced concrete bridge construction during the early decades of the 1900s. For the previous half century, metal trusses were the standard design for thousands of bridges built in America as the road system extended west. Concrete, the new "miracle" material of the 20th century, was quickly adopted by engineers for strong, durable, aesthetically pleasing and maintenance free bridges. Patents were granted for innovative reinforcing iron rods, moveable connections and forming-up designs that were durable, looked good, could be fabricated using inexpensive materials, unskilled labor and ordered by the foot. That was the genius of the Marsh Arch and the reason it was the most popular bridge design of county commissioners and state bridge engineers.

The standard Marsh Arch was of single, two or three spans. Though I know of a few longer Marsh Arch bridges such as the Rainbow Bridge (11 spans) in Fort Morgan, Colorado, there are not many Marsh Arches of eight spans. The Broadway Bridge is the longest Marsh Arch in Kansas. It is one of the State’s most historically significant and probably one of the most significant in the country.

The Nomination Form for the National Register of Historic Places Inventory of the United States Department of the Interior, dated April 6, 1983, reads:

The Marsh Arch is actually a steel bridge with a concrete coating. Bridge plans revel the schedule of the concrete placement after the metal framework had been erected. The footings, abutments and/or piers were the first to be concreted. These were followed by the hangers, the arch ribs, and the beams. Expansion plates were placed on the beams in preparation for receiving the floor. Finally, the intermediate ties, floor slab, wall copings and rail were poured. Once the floor centering was struck, the intermediate hangars were concreted. Because the hangars had to be under full dead load when they were concreted, the floor centering was struck no less than 10 days or more than 21 after the rest of the concrete was placed. The handrail was the last portion of the bridge to be concreted.

Kansas did not make extensive use of reinforced concrete spans until the introduction of the rainbow arch by James Barney Marsh. These are often referred to as the Marsh Arch. The earliest known Marsh arch in Kansas was built in 1917. The latest was erected in 1934. Construction of the arch bridges reached its peak in the late 1920s and declined after 1930. An inventory by the Kansas Department of Transportation in the early 1980s listed 73 rainbow arches standing in Kansas.

The best description of Marsh's bridge design is contained in his 1911 patent application. The bridge consisted of "two abutments (which could be piers), a pair of arches disposed between and spring from the abutments, the floor carried by and between the arches and reaching from one abutment to the other where it aligns with the parapets or rails along opposite sides of the floor line." Slideable wear plates were molded into the concrete where the bridge floor came into contact with the beams and abutments. Later refinements made use of the cast steel expansion rocker bearing. One of the main benefits of the design was to allow for the expansion and contraction of the reinforced concrete bridge under varying conditions of temperature and moisture.

Most of the Marsh arches in Kansas were single span, with the multiple span being unique. The largest Kansas rainbow arch was at Wamego and consisted of seven tied spans. Since its demolition, the John Mack Bridge is the state’s longest, and it is the second longest in the nation.

Building the Bridge

The Wichita Morning Eagle of Feb. 4, 1930, announced that work had started on the "bridge across the river on South Lawrence." Workmen had begun excavating for the footings east of the old bridge. Erection of the bridge was expected to take a year and would be under the supervision of the state highway department. The new bridge would follow an almost due north and south course to eliminate the curves found on the ends of the old bridge. This meant the new bridge would cross the river diagonally. The highway would be rerouted and paved to line up with the new bridge.

Not long after work began on the bridge, however, legal problems entered the picture. A teaser in The Wichita Morning Eagle of Sept. 17, 1930, read, "Bridge contractor to be arrested on labor law charge. Ed Tomlinson alleged to have worked his employees over eight hours a day." The Eagle went on to say:

A warrant for the arrest of Ed Tomlinson, contractor, who is building the South Lawrence bridge, on a charge of violation of the state eight-hour-day labor law, was signed Tuesday by Bert Bayman, clerk of city court, on the complaint of B. G. Baird, state factory inspector.

In one of the most unusual complaints ever filed in the court, Tomlinson, who holds a contract with the state, is charged with having worked his employees more than eight hours a day.

The statue applies only to contractors or sub-contractors who are working for the state. It specifies no state contractor may work his laborers more than eight hours at a stretch except in case of war, in the protection of property or human life or other emergency.

The next day, Tomlinson entered a plea of not guilty and his trial was set for Sept. 26. He posted bond of $500. Some five workmen were said to have been involved, and Tomlinson was named in five counts in the state warrant. At his trial, he entered a plea of guilty and was fined $50 and costs.

Legal problems were not over however. In October 1930, bids were taken for paving the approach to the new bridge. The Globe Construction Company of Wichita submitted the low bid of $24,306.15. But some difficulties were encountered in gaining title to land needed for the new paving. The Wichita Morning Eagle of Jan. 23, 1931, spoke of the legal entanglements being faced by the state highway commission.

W. G. Anderson, member of the commission, said, "The commission is willing to pay every cent the land it takes for right-of-way is worth, but it is not in sympathy with the tendency so prevalent to boost prices." The commission could not reach agreement with some of the landowners, so the commission brought condemnation proceedings.

In spite of the legal difficulties arising during the construction of the John Mack Bridge, by May 24, 1931, The Wichita Eagle could announce that the structure was practically completed, and work was progressing on the new pavement. Citizens were pushing for an early opening because, shortly before work had started on the new bridge, a part of the flooring of the old bridge caved in. The bridge and paving were pushed ahead, and the evening of July 22 was set for the dedication and opening of the new John Mack Bridge.

John Mack

In January 1930, John C. Mack died at his home in Newton from complications of a kidney infection from which he had suffered for two years. He had been a prominent pioneer newspaper publisher, state representative and member of the state highway commission.

The Wichita Eagle of Thursday morning, Jan. 30, 1930, read:

Born in Switzerland, Indiana, Jan. 2, 1867, and left fatherless at the age of 12 years, John Mack had the experience of sticking to a job to help his widowed mother and two younger brothers.

Fired with an ambition for an education, he managed to attend school and was graduated from the high school of Rising Sun, Indiana at 17 years. For three years he taught in the Kentucky schools.

In 1887, the family came to Newton. After several years teaching in Newton and Harvey county, he served as superintendent of schools for four years.

He became identified with the newspaper business in 1896 and two years later became acting manager of The Newton Kansan Republican. In 1907, he incorporated the Kansas Printing Company, of which he was the head.

The Morning Eagle of July 18, 1931, stated, "The new bridge across the Arkansas river on Lawrence, just south of the city limits, will be known as the John Mack bridge." Their information came from officials in charge of the dedication of the bridge. The newspaper went on to say that the reason for this selection of a name was that Mack had been "highway commissioner for this district at the time the bridge was started."

Dedication of the John Mack Bridge

The dedication and opening of the John Mack Bridge was a cause for celebration on July 22, 1931. An estimated 5,000 citizens turned out for the celebration. The next day the Wichita Eagle reported:

John Mack Bridge, mighty new span that crosses the Big Arkansas and eliminates the double danger of sharp curves and flimsy wooden flooring, was opened to travel last night with a christening ceremony, speeches, music and dancing.

At the very last the old condemned bridge was thronged as it has rarely been, for hundreds of cars came to park on either side of the new structure, and nearly 5,000 persons gathered on the five-foot sidewalks on either flank or on the 30 foot roadbed.

The late John Mack of Newton, former highway commissioner from this district and one of the outstanding forces in building the highway policies of the state and making possible the construction of the bridge, was given all honor. His widow was introduced from the speaker's stand, and she was visibly affected as the crowd cheered her loudly.

"I can hardly speak at this time," she said, her faltering voice amplified by the loud-speaker system, "but I want to thank you in the name of my husband and for myself."

George Austin Brown of Wichita, state representative and a strong supporter of all measures for improving state highways, delivered the dedicatory address:

"John Mack, as a member of the commission, proposed this South Lawrence bridge for some time prior to the passage of the final resolution for its construction on July 9, 1929," Brown said. "In his illness he called the state highway engineers to his bedside for consultation about the construction. The work was commenced the day after his death."

Brown added, "This bridge still will stand after most of us are gone and forgotten, but the name of John C. Mack will remain."

W. G. Anderson of Winfield, commissioner for the fifth district, which included Wichita, said, "This bridge will serve not only this generation, but generations yet unborn."

State, county and city officials were introduced. Not to be forgotten were the "tanned and muscular workers who had raised the skeleton and poured the cement of the bridge."

The South Side Booster band furnished music, and there was dancing until nearly midnight, mainly on the bridge. At the end of the dancing, the wooden stop signs were removed from both end of the bridge, and the first automobiles to use the bridge rolled across.

Will the Bridge Survive or be Demolished?

In 1984, an engineering report prepared by the Professional Engineering Consultants (PEC) indicated the bridge was in fair to poor condition and recommended replacement. An engineering analysis conducted six years later by Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendoff (HNTB) concluded that the bridge had experienced additional deterioration since the 1984 study and should be replaced with a new bridge. The following is from the agenda of the Wichita City Council for Jan. 29, 1991:

Both the PEC and HNTB reports conclude that removal and replacement of the John Mack Bridge is the recommended alternative based on the condition of the existing bridge and the cost to repair/restore it or reconstruct it. Both reports also conclude, however, that it is feasible, although quite expensive, to retain and restore the existing Marsh Arch structure. Rehabilitation costs for the existing two-lane structure are estimated to be $250,000 to $500,000 per span, or from $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 for the entire structure. A replacement four-lane bridge is anticipated to cost about $4,500,000 including engineering, inspection and administrative charges.

The existing bridge is the longest Marsh Arch structure in Kansas, but it is not listed on the National Historic Register. However, because of the aesthetics of the existing bridge and its historic nature, staff recommends that the City Council solicit input from the Citizen Participation Organization, the Historic Wichita Board and the public before making a determination on a repair or reconstruct alternative.

As the citizens of Wichita realized the bridge was in real danger of demolition, they sprang to action. A Save the John Mack Bridge Committee was formed, and Lois Ann Newman was appointed chairperson. The committee of volunteers includes bridge engineers, CPO activists and citizens who just want to see the structure preserved.

Members of the committee have obtained favorable publicity through the media and have been warmly encouraged by the citizenry. They have been successful in obtaining several thousand signatures on petitions asking that the bridge be placed on the National Historical Register and be preserved as an historic landmark.

In addition to their public appeals, committee members have met with representatives of the planning commission, department of public works, the city council, and the state historical society.

They received whole-hearted support from the historical society. On the nomination form for the National Register of Historic Places in regard to the rainbow arch bridges of Kansas, Nora Pat Small, Architectural Historian of the Kansas State Historical Society, stated:

Bridges were for centuries combinations of artistic expression and engineering expertise. Although the architectural and artistic aspects of bridge-building seem to have been forgotten the last few decades, as late as the 1930s the combination of aesthetics with technology in utilitarian structures was viewed as the goal toward which engineers and architects alike should strive. . . The Marsh arch bridges in Kansas are a result of this combination of engineering and architecture. They are products of an era when aesthetics were still as important as utilitarianism.

The John Mack Bridge, a prime example of the Rainbow Arch as well as the longest in Kansas and the second longest in the nation, was renovated in 1997 and a new low profile bridge was built immediately on its east side to provide for four lane traffic flow along Broadway. This was hailed as a great success for historic preservation in Wichita.